杭州北里湖大气沉降研究

本文主要研究了2011年2月至2012年2月杭州北里湖大气中的干、湿沉降,并通过计算大气中TN、TP、DTN和DTP的沉降通量来研究其对北里湖的影响程度。结果表明:杭州北里湖氮沉降主要以湿沉降为主,且大气氮沉降物中主要是以DTN的形式存在,最高可达99.5%;而磷沉降则以干沉降为主,DTP的月干沉降通量在TP月总沉降通量中所占的比例相对较低;TN、TP的月湿沉降通量与降水量有着密切的相关关系,都会随着降水量的增大而增大;同时DTN的月湿沉降通量在TN月湿沉降通量中所占的比例非常高,而DTP的月湿沉降通量在TP月湿沉降通量中所占的比例较少,这间接说明了氮对北里湖的影响要高于磷。     

C3N4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂的性能及其作用机制

利用水热合成法制备了C_3N_4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂,通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、DRS、PL等手段对催化剂的物相组成和光化学性能进行了系统表征,利用对罗丹明B(RhB)的降解实验评价了催化剂在可见光照下的光催化降解活性和稳定性并通过ESR分析和自由基捕获实验探究了RhB的光催化降解机制.结果表明,水热合成法可成功制备结晶性能良好的C_3N_4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂;C_3N_4的复合降低了BiOBr光催化剂的电子-空穴的复合,提高了光催化降解活性,其中15%C_3N_4/BiOBr的活性最佳,可见光照18 min后RhB的脱色率达100%,较纯BiOBr提高了1.5倍,且重复使用5次后仍具有较高的光催化降解活性;复合催化剂光催化降解RhB过程中参与降解的主要活性物种为空穴(h~+)和超氧自由基(·O_2~-),其中h~+影响更为显著.     

Presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) in different functional areas in residential homes in Beijing, China

The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ₁₃OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ₁₃OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m³) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m³). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ₁₃OPEs of 4100 ng/m². The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population.     

Evaluation of retrofit crankcase ventilation controls and diesel oxidation catalysts for reducing air pollution in school buses

This study evaluates the effect of retrofit closed crankcase ventilation filters (CCFs) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) on the in-cabin air quality in transit-style diesel school buses. In-cabin pollution levels were measured on three buses from the Pueblo, CO District 70 fleet. Monitoring was conducted while buses were driven along their regular routes, with each bus tested three times before and three times after installation of control devices. Ultrafine number concentrations in the school bus cabins were 33–41% lower, on average, after the control devices were installed. Mean mass concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were 56% lower, organic carbon (OC) 41% lower, elemental carbon (EC) 85% lower, and formaldehyde 32% lower after control devices were installed. While carbon monoxide concentrations were low in all tests, mean concentrations were higher after control devices were installed than in pre-retrofit tests. Reductions in number, OC, and formaldehyde concentrations were statistically significant, but reductions in PM2.5 mass were not. Even with control devices installed, during some runs PM2.5 and OC concentrations in the bus cabins were elevated compared to ambient concentrations observed in the area. OC concentrations inside the bus cabins ranged from 22 to 58 μg m^?3 before and 13 to 33 μg m^?3 after control devices were installed. OC concentrations were correlated with particle-bound organic tracers for lubricating oil emissions (hopanes) and diesel fuel and tailpipe emissions (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbons). Mean concentrations of hopanes, PAH, and aliphatic hydrocarbons were lower by 37, 50, and 43%, respectively, after the control devices were installed, suggesting that both CCFs and DOCs were effective at reducing in-cabin OC concentrations.     

光催化氧化/吸收工艺处理垃圾焚烧发电厂恶臭废气

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂采用光催化氧化技术/吸收工艺联用技术对难降解恶臭气体进行高效处理,大大提高了恶臭气体的去除效率,实现了该行业废气的无害化处理,取得了良好的效果。运行结果显示,光催化氧化技术/吸收工艺联用技术能实现难降解恶臭气体的高效处理,排放废气可达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554-93)中的二级标准。     

市政污水处理厂事故水池设计及配套应急响应措施

与普通工矿企业的污水处理系统相比,市政污水处理系统规模大、源头广,其配套的事故水池不仅容积大,投资高,而且控制难。本文从动态管理角度,提出了一种市政污水处理厂事故水池的设计方法以及配套应急响应措施,既能有效发挥事故水池的作用,遏制环境事故,又能减少事故水池容积,节省占地与投资。     

基于灰色-模糊理论的农业旱灾风险分析

从农业旱灾的自然与社会双重属性出发,并考虑系统的不确定性,分析了农业旱灾风险。应用信息扩散理论计算了干旱出现机率,将灰色系统理论和风险分析理论相结合,在确定干旱出现机率的基础上计算农业旱灾灰色风险率,前者考虑了系统的模糊不确定性,后者考虑了对系统认知缺乏所产生的主观不确定性,完善了农业旱灾风险分析,为防灾减灾和开展政策性农业保险提供参考。     

中国省域建筑安全生产水平的动态综合评价及策略分析

为从宏观层面上把握我国建筑安全生产水平的差异,因地制宜地采取措施,优化资源配置,在分析我国建筑业安全生产状况的基础上,利用安全事故统计分析原理,从绝对指标和相对指标两个方面构建了区域建筑安全生产水平评价体系;利用熵权法确定各指标权重,引入时间加权平均算子"TOWA"进行二次加权,对2009-2016年我国30个省域的建筑安全生产水平进行了相对优劣排序。结果表明,中部地区建筑业安全生产水平总体高于东部、东北部及西部地区。根据综合评价值将30个省域划分为建筑安全生产水平良好、不足、低下3个层次,进而提出了技术优先策略、管理优先策略及政策优先策略。     

持久性有机污染物的危害与污染现状及对策研究

本文介绍了持久性有机污染物的特性、危害及在我国的生产和使用情况,重点分析了持久性有机污染物在我国水体、大气、土壤和农产品的污染现状,并在此基础上对今后我国持久性有机污染物的控制提出了一些建议和防治对策.     

太子河着生藻类群落与氮、磷营养盐的定量关系研究

着生藻类是河流水生生物群落的重要组成部分,其与栖境水环境因子有着紧密的关联性。国内外关于着生藻类群落与栖息地环境因子关系的研究多是通过多元统计分析,评价影响着生藻类群落时空分布的环境要素,这种定性分析仅能判断环境驱动因子,而无法精确定量着生藻类群落与环境因子(如氮、磷)的响应关系。本研究以辽宁省太子河为范例,基于3次全流域的水生态调查所获得的141个站位的生态数据,运用临界指示物种分析法(TITAN)和加权平均回归分析(WA),定量评价着生藻类群落与河流水环境中氮、磷营养盐的定量响应关系(最适值和阈值)。结果表明,采用TITAN在太子河共确定了22种总氮(TN)指示物种,其中,13种为负响应物种,9种为正响应物种。TN负响应指示种中,普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)为出现频数较高的物种; TN正响应指示种中,小片菱形藻(Nitzschia frustulum)出现的频数最高。TITAN确定的太子河流域总磷(TP)指示物种为19种,其中,9种为负响应物种,10种为正响应物种。TP指示种中,负响应种近缘桥弯藻(Cymbella affinis)出现频数最高,TP指示种所对应的正响应突变点中,小片菱形藻和急尖舟形藻(Navicula cuspidata)出现频数最高。总体上看,太子河TN和TP对着生藻类最适值范围分别为0.025～0.47 mg·L~(-1)和0.65～12.14 mg·L~(-1),直链藻属(Melosira)和菱形藻属(Nitzschia)的种类,适宜栖息于TP较高的水环境中;异极藻属(Gomphonema)和桥弯藻属(Cymbella)适宜栖息于TP较低的水环境中;裸藻属(Euglena)和菱形藻属(Nitzschia)适宜栖息于TN较高的水环境中;而桥弯藻属和舟形藻属(Navicula)适宜栖息于TN较低的水环境中。通过定量分析水环境因子氮、磷对着生藻类群落的最适值和阈值,可以相对准确地评估着生藻类群落与河流营养盐含量的定量响应关系,对于在太子河开展对氮、磷等典型营养物的流域"污染物"排放的总量控制等流域生态管理决策和环境保护提供基础数据和科学依据。