加压溶氧光催化反应器降解活性艳红X-3B

探讨了加压溶氧条件对活性艳红X-3B的降解与脱色的作用,考察了加压条件下pH值,TiO2投加量及温度等对活性艳红X-3B降解的影响.结果表明,加压条件与常压条件下变化趋势基本一致.加压充氧有助于活性艳红X-3B的降解与脱色,加压充N2对反应基本没有作用,说明增加活度不是关键因素,加压使溶液中溶解氧增加是导致活性艳红X-3B降解与脱色的主要原因.光催化降解过程,发色基团最易被打碎,60min内降解效果显著,而萘环和苯环降解效果不十分明显.CODCr的降解与色度的褪除成正相关,脱色率越高,COD的降解率也越高.     

Stereoselective toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, malaoxon and isomalathion

In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers.     

危险化学品泄漏扩散模型的研究现状分析与比较

为了对危险化学品港口装卸过程中泄漏危险度进行量化评定,基于泄漏扩散模型提高港口的应急处理技术,对危险化学品泄漏扩散模型的研究现状从理论研究、试验研究、应用研究3方面进行深入分析。着重对高斯模型(Gaussian model),BM模型,Sutton模型,FEM3模型,箱及相似模型,P-G模型等模型从理论描述方法、适用对象和范围、计算精度和难易、参数选取等方面进行优缺点的对比研究,认为:由于危险化学品泄漏和扩散行为的复杂性,影响因素的多样性,使各类模型在具备一定的理论价值和现实意义的同时,还存在着参数选取不确定性、试验模拟差异性以及实际应用局限性的问题和不足,运用计算机技术完善试验结果数据库、改进数学仿真模型是其进一步研究发展的趋势。     

建筑钢结构中钢构件的防火性能与抗火设计研究

首先有针对性地对当前国内外建筑钢结构中钢构件的防火性能与抗火设计研究背景做了较系统分析,接着,通过有限元程序,对当前应用非常广泛的半刚接门式刚架建筑在火灾高温下的受力性能进行了整体结构非线性分析。计算结果表明：随着温度的升高,钢构件节点的刚度不断下降,当节点的刚度下降到不能约束与其连接的梁柱构件时,结构将发生突然坍塌性...     

夏季高温下污水处理厂生物处理系统的硝化性能及强化方法

本文模拟夏季高温,考察了温度(30～45℃)和氨氮容积负荷对污水处理厂好氧池活性污泥硝化功能及微生物群落的影响,同时探讨中温富集硝化污泥高温驯化前后用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化效果.结果表明,在30～40℃水温下好氧池活性污泥的氨氮去除效果保持在90%以上,硝化菌含量也逐步升高至4. 55%;当水温升至45℃时氨氮去除率和硝化菌含量均分别降至40%和1. 97%.为快速恢复受夏季高温冲击的生物系统,将中温富集硝化污泥在40℃下驯化61 d后,获得硝化活性为(60±5) mg·(L·h)-1的硝化污泥,考察中温富集硝化污泥驯化前后对受高温冲击的生物处理系统的强化效果,发现驯化后的中温富集硝化污泥只需投加5%(体积分数)即可提高10%的氨氮去除率,而未驯化的则需要投加10%(体积分数).上述结果表明,中温富集硝化污泥经驯化后能更好地用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化功能.     

二价铁活化过氧化钙提高剩余活性污泥的脱水性能

采用Fe²⁺活化过氧化钙（Fe²⁺/CaO₂）提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,考察初始pH值、Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响,并进一步探究了实现污泥深度脱水的内在机制.结果表明,初始pH值为中性,Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量（以VSS计）分别为3.31 mmol·g^-1和3.68 mmol·g^-1时,污泥的脱水效果最好,污泥比阻（SRF）和含水率（W_C）分别由20.99×10¹² m·kg^-1和86.61%降低至3.91×10¹² m·kg^-1和76.15%.Fe²⁺/CaO₂的氧化使污泥微生物细胞裂解,胞内有机物释放,胞外聚合物（EPS）降解;同时,Fe³⁺促使污泥颗粒再絮凝形成致密、多孔的絮体结构,有利于EPS结合水释放,实现污泥深度脱水.从技术和经济角度来看,Fe²⁺/CaO₂工艺经济实用,在提高剩余污泥脱水能力方面具有一定的应用前景.     

生物柴油吸收VOCs的特性及热力学

采用具有高沸点、低粘度特性的生物柴油作为非极性挥发性有机废气（VOCs）的吸收剂,以甲苯为典型VOCs代表,通过吸收实验考察了生物柴油的甲苯吸收特性.结果发现,在同一浓度下生物柴油吸收甲苯容量优于矿物油,且比水提高1个数量级,并且随着初始浓度升高,吸收容量等比例上升.温度是吸收敏感因素,温度上升会导致吸收容量大幅下降.采用UNIFAC模型计算溶解度数据与实验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差为3.37%,可有效预测生物柴油吸收VOCs特性.在此基础上论文也考察了生物柴油对四氯乙烯、苯乙烯、氯苯的吸收特性,并计算了4种VOCs在生物柴油中的无限稀释活度系数、亨利系数及吸收过程的ΔG、ΔH和ΔS.结果表明生物柴油对这4种VOCs的吸收性能排序为：苯乙烯>氯苯>四氯乙烯>甲苯,饱和吸收容量分别为55.17,27.75,20.46,11.93mg/g.     

居住区地下车库噪声在建筑群间的传播和影响模拟计算

针对城市居住区2种典型的建筑布局,结合随机点声源模型,对居住区内地下车库噪声影响进行了分析计算.通过实测值和预测值的比较,该预测模型精度较好.运用该模型预测规划与新建的居住区地下车库的噪声的影响,可为城市小区建设规划中有效控制噪声污染提供科学依据.     

玻璃纸生产废气中CS2和H2S的治理

阐述了玻璃纸生产中CS2和H2S废气产生的原理,介绍了该废气处理的现状,总结了目前普遍采用的冷凝法、活性炭吸附法、活性碳纤维吸附法、改性活性炭吸附法、螯合铁氧化法、吸收-吸附法等处理方法的特点和效果。介绍了一种先采用螯合铁氧化法、再采用冷凝法、最后采用活性炭吸附法的综合处理工艺,可使废气达标排放。     

Emission factors from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burning: Comparison of field and simulated burn experiments

Emission factors (EFs) of PM_2.5, CO, elemental carbon (EC), particulate organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methoxyphenols (MPs) from post-harvest burning of wheat and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) stubble were evaluated in a series of field burns. Integrated smoke samples were collected at ground level, upwind and downwind of the fires, and EFs were determined with the carbon balance method (validated during previous chamber experiments). These EFs were compared against EFs evaluated from previously conducted chamber burns, to determine how well the latter represent field scenarios. In general, when combustion efficiency (CE) differences were taken into account, a reasonable degree of agreement was observed between emission factors measured in the field and in the chamber, except for EC and solid+vapor phase PAHs, both from wheat burns. EC and PAHs from wheat burns were seen in higher amounts in the chamber, although the PAH data are in agreement at CEs>90%. EC overestimates might be due to a misassigned EC–OC split in the heavily loaded quartz filters from chamber burns. Poor EC and OC EF–CE correlations in KBG chamber data make the comparison with field data difficult. The particulate organic matter/OC ratios (2.1±1.3 for wheat and 1.9 for KBG) were higher than those observed during chamber experiments (1.5 for both wheat and KBG). Overestimates of EC in the chamber and possibly the condensation of oxygenated species in the field may be responsible for this difference. Though CO and CH4 EFs evaluated from ground-based samples differed from those collected on board a light aircraft, EF–CE relationships were similar. This underscores the importance of determining both the CEs and EFs simultaneously.