pH影响下小麦根吸附极性有机物的行为研究

文章以标准纤维素为对照吸附剂,以菲为对照吸附质,采用批量平衡振荡法进行吸附实验,研究不同pH条件下,小麦根吸附极性污染物(2,4-二氯苯酚和硝基苯)的行为差异。结果表明:污染物吸附以疏水性分配为主,吸附系数(K_d)值随化合物疏水性的增强而增强;非解离型极性污染物(硝基苯)的吸附与疏水性污染物(菲)类似,吸附等温线呈线性,相关系数(R²)均大于0.98,同时pH对吸附的影响无显著性差异(P>0.05);解离型极性污染物(2,4-二氯苯酚)的吸附随pH增加而降低,仅在pH 5.0时呈现吸附线性,在pH 7.0和8.0时均呈非线性,等温线逐渐向浓度轴弯曲,这源于疏水作用以及解离的2,4-二氯苯酚与吸附剂之间静电作用的共同影响。根的吸附能力大于纤维素,这与根中含有类脂物质有关。     

新型污染物卤代咔唑的环境行为及生态毒理效应

卤代咔唑(PHCs)是一类与多氯二苯并呋喃结构相类似的新型环境有机污染物.单种卤素取代的PHCs具有135个同系物.绝大多数PHCs不是人类合成化学品或工业品.虽然20世纪80年代即首次在环境中发现PHCs,但直到本世纪这类化合物才逐渐引起人们的关注.近年来,20余种PHCs在河流湖泊沉积物和土壤中被陆续检出.另外,PHCs具有类二噁英毒性、持久性和生物累积性.作为一类新型污染物,PHCs的环境行为研究目前相对较少.因此,了解PHCs的环境分布、来源和生态毒理效应对正确认识这类化合物的环境风险具有重要意义.本文综述了PHCs的环境分布、来源、分析方法和生态毒理效应,并对其未来的研究发展方向作了展望.     

Disinfection byproduct formation from algal organic matters after ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon treatment with subsequent chlorination

Algal organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) from algal blooms, is widely accepted as essential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the effect of ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon (O₃-AC) treatment on characteristic alternation and DBP formation with subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp.. The effects of pH and bromide concentration on DBP formation by ozonation or O₃-AC treatment were also investigated. Results showed that the potential formation of DBPs might be attributed to ozonation, but these DBP precursors could be further removed by activated carbon (AC) treatment. Moreover, the formation of target DBPs was controlled at acidic pH by alleviating the reactions between chlorine and AOM. Besides, the bromide substitution factor (BSF) value of trihalomethanes (THMs) from EOM and IOM remained constant after AC treatment. However, THM precursors could be significantly decreased by AC treatment. The above results indicated that O₃-AC was a feasible treatment method for algal-impacted water.     

低温等离子体对复合CVOCs的降解特性

以难生物降解的氯苯和二氯乙烷为目标污染物,以低温等离子体作为VOCs处理技术,考察了不同频率电源条件下工艺参数对混合气体降解过程的影响,并对降解产物进行了分析,为后期与生物技术耦合提供理论依据.结果表明,高低频电源条件下等离子体中的能量效率均随着SIE的增大先升高后降低.在低频电源的等离子体中,SIE=7 167 J·L~(-1)时,能量效率最大;而在高频电源的等离子体中,SIE=6 111 J·L~(-1),能量效率达到最大.在两种频率电源的等离子体中,各组分的去除率都随着SIE的升高先增大后逐渐减小;去除率随着停留时间的延长而增大,但去除负荷却会出现降低,当停留时为5s时,高频和低频电源的等离子体中气体的去除负荷都达到最大,本实验选取5 s的停留时间进行后续的产物分析.经产物分析发现,CO_2的生成量和选择性随着SIE的升高而增大;臭氧浓度随SIE的升高而增大,高频电源的等离子体中O3生成量较大;TOC浓度随SIE的增大先增大后迅速减小,能量效率最大时产物水溶性最佳.     

油指纹多元统计分析在鉴别地表水石油类污染来源中的应用研究

采用油指纹多元统计方法,对嘉兴市杭州塘和长山河水系沿岸加油站9个不同来源的轻质柴油进行了分类鉴别,并考察了风化的影响.结果表明:仅基于GC-MS谱图,很难对不同轻质柴油的来源进行鉴别;但基于GC-MS谱图,提取正构烷烃及多环芳烃特征比值,进一步采用多元统计方法,可以对不同来源的轻质柴油进行区分.考虑实际水环境中油污染物会风化,向河水中投入两种轻质柴油,考察了不同初始浓度和不同风化时间下的油指纹变化,发现油污染物初始浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,所有特征比值在风化过程中均极不稳定,无法用于分类鉴别;油污染物初始浓度达到1.0 mg·L~(-1)及以上时,特征比值C_(17)/Pr、C_(18)/Ph在风化5 d内可用作油指纹的鉴别指标,5 d后无法用于鉴别;特征比值Pr/Ph、(C_(19)+C_(20))/(C_(21)+C_(22))、CPI受风化时间影响小,始终可以作为油指纹鉴别的特征指标.     

荧光假单胞菌代谢α-蒎烯过程中表面活性物质的定向积累及其性状分析

从处理α-蒎烯的生物滴滤塔中分离到一株荧光假单胞菌PT,该菌株在代谢α-蒎烯的过程中能产生具有表面活性的物质.通过优化培养基,使得菌株在降解过程中能最大程度地积累表面活性的代谢产物,培养液的表面张力下降至30 mN·m-1.采用红外光谱、薄层色谱等分析方法对分离得到的油状产物进行鉴定,并结合α-蒎烯的微生物代谢途径,确定该表面活性物质为紫苏酸,分子式为C10H14O2.这类物质对柴油和正己烷有较明显地乳化作用,乳化指数达到40％～60％,对多环芳烃(菲、萘、芘)也有明显地增溶效果,在其临界胶束浓度时水中溶解度分别提高了2.65％、6.07％和10.0％.以上结果表明,该表面活性物质可替代化学表面活性剂广泛用于环境污染的修复治理中.     

生物滴滤塔净化多组分废气的研究

通过生物滴滤塔(biotrickling filter,BTF)净化硫化氢(H2S)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二氯甲烷(DCM)混合废气,研究其挂膜启动和稳定运行条件下的降解性能.结果表明,混合废气H2S、THF、DCM浓度分别为200、100和100 mg·m-3,空床停留时间(empty bed retention time,EBRT)50～20 s的条件下,H2S和THF的去除率分别能够维持在99%和60%左右,而DCM的去除率随EBRT的缩短从90%逐渐降低至37%左右.利用Michaelis-Menten动力学模型分析得到,理论降解效果为H2S>THF>DCM.     

磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加对河道底泥磷迁移与形态转化的影响

首先采用Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)、溶解性锆盐、膨润土和碱液作为原料制备得到了一种磁性锆铁改性膨润土,再通过底泥培养实验考察了磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加对底泥中磷迁移与形态转化的影响.结果表明,在缺氧条件下,河道底泥中磷会被释放进入间隙水中,继而会被释放进入上覆水中,而磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加可以极大地降低底泥中磷向间隙水的迁移通量,最终导致了上覆水中磷数量的显著下降.此外,添加磁性锆铁改性膨润土不仅促使底泥中弱吸附态磷(Liable-P)和氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这2种容易释放态磷向较为稳定的金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-rP)和非常稳定的残渣态磷(Res-P)转变,而且降低了底泥中水溶性磷(WSP)、易解吸磷(RDP)、NaHCO_3可提取磷(Olsen-P)、藻类可利用磷(AAP)和铁氧化物-滤纸提取磷(FeO-P)这5种不同类型生物有效态磷(BAP)含量,从而降低了底泥中磷的释放风险.从底泥中分离出来的磁性锆铁改性膨润土中潜在活性磷(NH4Cl-P+BD-P)占总磷的26%左右,且含一定数量的FeO-P和Olsen-P(含量分别为161 mg·kg~(-1)和127mg·kg~(-1)).因此,及时采用磁分离的方式从底泥中将吸附磷后的磁性锆铁改性膨润土回收是非常必要的.磁性锆铁改性膨润土添加控制河道底泥中磷释放的机制是:改良剂通过对底泥中潜在活性磷和生物有效态磷的钝化作用,以及通过对间隙水中磷的吸附作用,降低了底泥中磷向间隙水的释放风险,导致间隙水中磷浓度的下降,进而降低了底泥-上覆水界面磷的扩散通量,最终导致上覆水中磷浓度的下降.以上结果说明,磁性锆铁改性膨润土是一种非常有希望的用于控制河道底泥中磷释放的改良剂.     

Estrogenic activities of two synthetic pyrethroids and their metabolites

Synthetic pyrethroids(SPs) are among the most common pesticides in current use,and so far,several SPs have been assessed for their potential estrogenicities by various methods.Previous studies have shown that the estrogenicities partly come from their metabolites.Although considerable information is available with respect to the metabolism and environmental degradation of SPs,little is known about the estrogenicities of the metabolites.In this study,permethrin(PM) and β-cypermethrin(CP),as well as their metabolites(3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol(PBCOH),3-phenoxybenzaldehyde(PBCHO) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid(PBCOOH) were evaluated for their estrogenic activities in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line.In the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay,PM and CP exhibited significant estrogenic activities at 10-7 mol/L,comparable to 17β-estradiol(E2 ) of 10-9 mol/L,with the relative proliferative effect ratios of 55.4% and 56.3%,respectively.The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) results confirmed the estrogenicities of PM and CP with significant alteration of pS2 and ERα mRNA levels observed at 10-6 mol/L.For the three major metabolites,PBCOH and PBCOOH exhibited estrogenic activities in all assays,while no significant estrogenic responses was observed for PBCHO compared to the vehicle control.In particular,PBCOH had even slightly stronger estrogenic activity than its parent compounds,indicating that metabolism may be one of the reasons for the estrogenicities of the SPs.Given the widespread use of SPs,the toxicological effects of parent compounds and their metabolites should be taken into consideration in the risk assessment of SPs.