2009年秋季旋沟藻赤潮爆发期间珠江口表层水体的环境特征

2009年秋季在珠江口海域爆发了一次大规模的双胞旋沟藻赤潮,影响面积高达300 km2。赤潮爆发期间,我们对珠江口水域的环境因子特征进行了调查。结果表明,调查期间珠江口西侧受径流的影响程度远高于东部,营养盐一般呈西高东低的水平分布格局,其中以NO3-N、DIN和SiO3-Si的差异最为明显。表层水体的DIN、PO4-P和SiO3-Si的平均浓度分别为31.64μmol/L、0.71μmol/L和46.3μmol/L。SiO3-Si和PO4-P的高值区主要位于洪奇门及以下的珠海沿岸,PO4-P的高值区主要位于洪奇门以上的水域,虎门附近S1站位的PO4-P浓度高达6.23μmol/L。高的营养盐输入、低的降雨量和严重的咸潮入侵应该是导致这次双胞旋沟藻赤潮爆发的重要诱因。     

杜氏盐藻对海水中无机碘（IO3-与I-）的调控

研究了杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella tertiolecta)在不同碘浓度条件下的生长状况及其对无机碘形态(IO3-和I-)的调控能力。结果表明:提高至天然值15倍的IO3-浓度不仅不会抑制杜氏盐藻的生长,反而稍有促进作用,但并不能单纯地归因于提供了更充足的碘源;两种碘浓度条件下均观测到IO3-的消耗,并且在指数生长期几乎都是线性下降,但Level 2比Level 1显著得多,并且伴随着明显的I-的累积;两种碘浓度条件下杜氏盐藻均在藻细胞数增长最快的时段明显吸收I-;Level 2中IO3-的消耗和I-的生成与杜氏盐藻所处的生长阶段有关,平台期内消耗(生成)速率更大。实验结果显示杜氏盐藻具备导致表层海洋中IO3-的亏损的能力。两种碘浓度条件下均有溶解有机态、颗粒态或气态碘生成。     

不同形态铁对脱色希瓦氏菌S12偶氮还原的影响

以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12为材料,研究了不同形态铁对其厌氧偶氮还原的影响.结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)对偶氮还原的影响与其形态及浓度直接相关.不可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)对偶氮还原表现延缓作用,0.05～2 mmol/L的Fe2O3均延缓0.2mmol/L的苋菜红还原,但作用效果不随Fe2O3浓度的增加而成比例强化.而对于可溶性Fe(Ⅲ),0.4 mmol/L浓度以下对0.2mmol/L的苋菜红还原具有一定的促进作用,作用效果与其浓度变化不呈线性关系.1 mmol/L浓度以上则表现为抑制作用,浓度越高其抑制作用越强,这种现象在电子供体不足的情况下尤为明显.进一步研究发现,可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)均具有缓解双香豆素对醌循环的抑制作用而促进偶氮还原.由此推测,可溶性铁对偶氮还原的促进作用是由于这些化合物的细胞透过性,在低浓度条件下形成Fe(Ⅱ)Fe(Ⅲ)氧化还原循环,充当电子传递的中间媒介,通过发挥电子穿梭功能从而促进细菌的偶氮还原.而高浓度条件下可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)优先大量接受来自电子供体的电子而与偶氮化合物竞争,其电子穿梭功能被掩盖,从而抑制偶氮还原.对于不可透过细胞的不可溶性Fe(Ⅲ),只是作为胞外电子受体与强极性的偶氮化合物竞争电子从而仅仅呈现延缓作用.通过对铁的形态及浓度的适当选择与控制可以获得更高效的偶氮还原效率.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton biomass in Sanya Bay, northern South China Sea

The composition of phytoplankton and the dynamics of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton biomass (PB and BB, respectively) of Sanya Bay, South China Sea, were determined. A total of 168 species (67 genera) phytoplankton were identified, including Bacillariophyta (diatom, 128 species), Pyrrophyta (35 species), Cyanophyta (3 species), and Chrysophyta (2 species). Annual average abundance of phytoplankton was 1.2 × 107 cells/m3, with the highest abundance in autumn, and the lowest in summer. Annual average dive...     

Short-term metal accumulation and MTLP induction in the digestive glands of Perna virdis exposed to Zn and Cd

Time-dependent Zn and Cd accumulation and metallothionein like protein (MTLP) induction in the digestive glands of mussels, Perna virdis, were measured under different exposure conditions. The initial uptake rate at start of chase (ρ0) and mean residence time (τ) were calculated to determine the physiological response of organisms and their potential detoxification mechanisms. It was found that in digestive glands, Zn had obviously higher ρ0 and shorter mean residence time than Cd, indicating that these two metals had different accumulation dynamics even though they were very close in the periodic element table. MTLP levels in digestive glands varied from 0.51 to 1.05 μg/g ww (wet weight). The MTLP level increased continuously when mussels were exposed to low and middle levels of Zn and Cd media, and reached maximal levels at day 4, then decreased when they were exposed to high level Zn and Cd solutions. With regard to the fraction of Zn and Cd accumulated in the digestive glands, the ratios of soluble metal to total metal decreased continuously after exposure in low and middle levels of Zn and Cd media, and decreased continuously in the first 4 days and then to level off when mussels were exposed to media with high concentration of Zn and Cd. Results suggested that both MTLP induction and metal insolubilization were detoxification processes in digestive glands of mussels.     

羧甲基壳聚糖和稀土联合使用处理印染废水

为提高印染污水处理效果,以羧甲基壳聚糖和硝酸镧为絮凝剂,研究了羧甲基壳聚糖和硝酸镧联合使用时羧甲基壳聚糖和硝酸镧的投加量、溶液pH、温度、沉淀时间对印染污水的脱色率、除浊率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当羧甲基壳聚糖浓度为400mg/L,稀土硝酸镧浓度为20mg/L,反应温度45℃,pH2.5,沉降时间为4h时对印染污水的脱色率和除浊率分别是95%、96.69%,COD的去除率80%,氨氮去除率70%;羧甲基壳聚糖与硝酸镧联合使用的絮凝效果优于单独使用羧甲基壳聚糖。     

黄海春季表层叶绿素和初级生产力及其粒径结构研究

根据2006年4月对黄海浮游植物分级叶绿素及初级生产力的调查,研究了黄海叶绿素及初级生产力的水平分布及粒级结构特征,并分析了其主要影响因素。黄海海域调查站位表层叶绿素a质量浓度变化范围为0.20～4.94μg·L-1,平均值为0.96μg·L-1。叶绿素最大值出现在临近长江口的站位。叶绿素分级结果表明黄海春季以粒径〉5μm的浮游植物占优势。黄海表层初级生产力的变化范围为2.03～15.64mg·m-3·h-1,平均值为6.08mg·m-3·h-1。其中南黄海海域初级生产力平均为6.58mg·m-3·h-1,北黄海海域初级生产力平均为4.92mg·m-3·h-1。高值区分布在南黄海中部。受水体透明度的影响,低值区出现在临近长江口的站位。断面站位分析表明浮游植物初级生产力由北向南逐步升高,温度随纬度的变化是南北海域初级生产力水平差异的主要原因。由于粒径较小（〈5μm）的浮游植物单位叶绿素具有较高的碳固定能力,调查期间整个海区初级生产力以粒径〈5μm的浮游植物贡献为主。     

The effects of air exposure on the desiccation rate and photosynthetic activity of Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides

The effects of air exposure on the desiccation rate and photosynthetic activity of Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides were studied using chlorophyll fluorescence. The desiccation rate of T. hemprichii was higher than that of E. acoroides, while the critical threshold of relative water content (RWC_critical) showed opposite trend. Neither the desiccation rate nor RWC_critical of T. hemprichii was significantly affected by temperature, while the desiccation rate of E. acoroides was affected significantly. For both species, the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII decreased gradually above the RWC_critical, while declined rapidly below the RWC_critical. After initial air exposure, the relative maximum electron transport rate of both seagrasses increased gradually to a maximum and then decreased to initial value near the RWC_critical. Therefore, short-term air exposure above the RWC_critical is beneficial for both seagrasses, and the RWC_critical should be considered when examining the response of seagrass photosynthesis to air exposure and selecting transplantation sites.     

Simple Suggestions for Including Vertical Physics in Oil Spill Models

Current models of oil spills include no vertical physics. They neglect the effect of vertical water motions on the transport and concentration of floating oil. Some simple ways to introduce vertical physics are suggested here. The major suggestion is to routinely measure the density stratification of the upper ocean during oil spills in order to develop a database on the effect of stratification.     

复合重金属胁迫对秋茄幼苗某些生理特性的影响

用5个级别的人工复合重金属污水处理红树植物秋茄Kandelia candel(L.)幼苗,2个月后对其叶绿素含量、叶片和根系的活性氧清除系统中的保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性变化以及膜脂质过氧化作用影响进行分析.结果显示:叶绿素a、b及总量在低浓度处(1 W)有所上升,随着污染级别的升高,三者的含量均下降,且远低于对照组值.SOD活性随着污染级别的增加呈"先升后降"的变化.10 W污水时,叶和根系中的SOD活性均达到最大值.POD的活性变化与SOD活性变化相一致.CAT活性在叶片中不受污染程度的影响,保持相对平稳,但在高级别的污染下,活性有下降的趋势;而根系中CAT活性在10 W污水时达到最大值,污染程度再升级时,活性迅速下降.MDA含量在叶片中随着污染级别的增加呈"先降后升",而根系中MDA含量却是以升-降-升的模式变化,但它们都在10 W污水时,达到最小值.综合试验结果分析表明,秋茄幼苗在遭受重金属胁迫时,根系比叶更能有效地清除组织中的活性氧自由基,保护了根的生长,从而提高了抗重金属的能力.