岩溶隧道突涌水预警体系的建立

为加强岩溶隧道突涌水预警的准确性,基于理论分析方法及岩溶隧道实际特点,提出溶洞侵入及未侵入隧道两类情况下的岩溶隧道突涌水预警体系的建立方法.通过理论分析,确定了突涌水的主要影响因素及其发生过程中变化显著的监测项目.选择溶洞特质、水的变化、岩盘破损程度、节理裂隙形态为预警体系的主要评价指标.根据溶洞与隧道相对位置关系,建...     

Evaluation of life cycle inventory data for recycling systems

This paper reviews databases on material recycling (primary as well as secondary production) used in life cycle assessments (LCA) of waste management systems. A total of 366 datasets, from 1980 to 2010 and covering 14 materials, were collected from databases and reports. Totals for CO₂-equivalent emissions were compared to illustrate variations in the data. It was hypothesised that emissions from material production and the recycling industry had decreased over time due to increasing regulation, energy costs and process optimisation, but the reported datasets did not reveal such a general trend. Data representing the same processes varied considerably between databases, and proper background information was hard to obtain, which in turn made it difficult to explain the large differences observed. Those differences between the highest and lowest estimated CO₂ emissions (equivalents) from the primary production of newsprint, HDPE and glass were 238%, 443% and 452%, respectively. For steel and aluminium the differences were 1761% and 235%, respectively. There is a severe lack of data for some recycled materials; for example, only one dataset existed for secondary cardboard. The study shows that the choice of dataset used to represent the environmental load of a material recycling process and credited emissions from the avoided production of virgin materials is crucial for the outcome of an LCA on waste management. Great care and a high degree of transparency are mandatory, but advice on which datasets to use could not be determined from the study. However, from the gathered data, recycling in general showed lower emission of CO₂ per kg material than primary production, so the recycling of materials (considered in this study) is thus beneficial in most cases.     

钢铁行业二噁英减排技术浅析

钢铁行业铁矿石烧结和电弧炉炼钢是我国二噁英减排优先重点控制的行业之一。本文简要介绍了二噁英的危害性和烧结、电炉炼钢工艺二噁英的产生成因,并从清洁生产技术和污染治理技术两方面探讨二噁英的减排途径。     

An energetic life cycle assessment of C&D waste and container glass recycling in Cape Town,South Africa

This study presents the results of a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) on the energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission implications of recycling construction and demolition (C&D) rubble and container glass in Cape Town, South Africa. Cape Town is a medium sized city in a developing country with a growing population and a rising middle class, two factors that are resulting in increased generation of solid waste. The City is constrained in terms of landfill space and competing demands for municipal resources.The LCA assessment was based on locally gathered data, supplemented with ecoinvent life cycle inventory data modified to the local context. The results indicated that recycling container glass instead of landfilling can achieve an energy savings of 27% and a GHG emissions savings of 37%, with a net savings still being achieved even if collection practices are varied. The C&D waste results, however, showed net savings only for certain recycling strategies. Recycling C&D waste can avoid up to 90% of the energy and GHG emissions of landfilling when processed and reused onsite but, due to great dependence on haulage distances, a net reduction of energy use and GHG emissions could not be confidently discerned for offsite recycling. It was also found that recycling glass achieves significantly greater savings of energy and emissions than recycling an equivalent mass of C&D waste.The study demonstrated that LCA provides an important tool to inform decisions on supporting recycling activities where resources are limited. It also confirmed other researchers’ observations that strict adherence to the waste management hierarchy will not always result in the best environmental outcome, and that more nuanced analysis is required. The study found that the desirability of recycling from an energy and climate perspective cannot be predicted on the basis of whether such recycling conserves a non-renewable material. However, recycling that replaces a virgin product from an energy-intensive production process appears to be more robustly beneficial than recycling that replaces a product with little embodied energy. Particular caution is needed when applying the waste management hierarchy to the latter situations.     

国内外废弃油脂的处理情况及利用方式概述

介绍了国内外废油脂的产生及回收利用现状,研究了废油脂不同的处理利用技术,并重点分析了生物柴油技术的制备应用。     

杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂去除水中双氯芬酸

通过偶氮化反应将合成的去叔丁基杯[4]芳烃连接到Amberlite XAD-4树脂上,并且采用FTIR、SEM和TG/DTA法表征了杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂的结构.结果表明,水溶液中杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂对双氯芬酸的去除率远大于单独Amberlite XAD-4树脂和杯[4]芳烃.双氯芬酸的浓度为20mg/L时,随着杯[4]芳烃修饰AmberliteXAD-4树脂投加量的增加,双氯芬酸的去除率增加很快.当吸附剂量增加到80mg/L时,双氯芬酸的去除率为92.8%,并且达到吸附平衡,吸附的双氯芬酸量为34.02mg/g. Langmuir和Freundlich等温线与实验数据均有很好的拟合度.对热力学参数的计算表明,△H与△G负值显示出反应的放热和自发过程.     

鸭绿江口近百年来重金属垂向沉积的污染评价

以鸭绿江口西汊道连续性较好、时间分辨率较高、以海湾性质为主的沉积柱状样为样本,对其沉积速率、粒度、重金属质量分数进行了测定和分析,并结合210Pb测年结果对试验数据进行了相关分析和聚类分析,同时采用地累积指数法对鸭绿江口近百年来重金属的垂向沉积进行了污染评价.结果表明:鸭绿江河口的重金属污染除Cu外都呈逐年增加的趋势,体现了人类活动在自然演变中的强烈响应;粒度不是控制鸭绿江河口重金属积累的唯一因素,除w(Cu)和w(As)外,w(Hg)、w(Cr)、w(Ni)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)及w(Cd)之间有着较好的相关性,说明这些重金属元素有较为一致的沉积环境.大多数重金属受控于工业和农业的污染物排放,而Cu主要来源于采矿污染.用中朝地台页岩作为背景值进行地累积指数的污染评价表明,大多数重金属污染级别目前已达到中等到强的程度,说明鸭绿江口的重金属污染正在日益加重.      

淄博市居住小区环境质量评价研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市居民数量增多,现代居住小区环境质量受到人们的广泛关注。从户外和室内两个方面探讨了城市居住小区环境质量的影响因素,建立了环境质量评价指标体系和评价模型,利用该指标体系和评价模型对淄博市居住小区的环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,居民对现阶段淄博市居住小区人居环境质量较为满意。     

建筑安全事故人为因素分类研究

为系统研究导致建筑安全事故的人为因素及对策,首先,在文献分析和专家访谈的基础上结合建筑行业特征提出人为因素分类分析系统（HFACS）框架中应增加社会环境层,在修正框架层次和人为因素的基础上构建建筑安全事故人为因素分类分析系统（C-HFACS）框架;其次,对150起建筑安全事故进行案例分析,探讨C-HFACS框架中对事故影响显著的人为因素及其内在关联性,验证了构建C-HFACS框架的合理性;最后,得出政府监管等九个人为因素对事故和下层人为因素影响显著,并从政府、企业、现场和个体四个维度提出独立第三方“飞行式”巡检等有针对性的对策,以期为建筑安全事故分析和管理提供新的方法和工具。     

建筑工人不安全行为发生机理研究

为梳理建筑工人不安全行为发生机理,对相关文献资料进行分析,基于建筑工人个体视角确定相关影响因素并构建不安全行为发生机理理论模型。结合现场访谈对模型进行修正后,采用结构方程模型处理问卷数据并对假设进行验证,最终确定建筑工人不安全行为发生机理。结果显示:安全认知与安全能力对建筑工人不安全行为影响关系显著,安全意识对建筑工人不安全行为影响关系不显著,且安全能力的影响程度要高于安全认知。