高效稳定的单一汞同位素大气发生系统

汞在大气-植被-土壤界面间的迁移转化一直是近年来研究的热点,稳定汞同位素添加技术为这一科学问题的研究提供了新的手段,而如何产生低浓度、稳定、连续且经济可行的单一汞同位素大气(xxx Hg0)是试验研究的难点与关键。本试验旨在设计、创建微环境单一汞同位素富集大气的发生系统,该系统不仅具有低成本,可以连续产生低浓度、稳定性强、可控性高、利用效率高的同位素汞蒸气(xxx Hg0)特性,还兼有轻便灵巧、安装便捷、可移动性强和适用范围广等特点。     

水成膜泡沫对变压器油池火的窒息特性研究

水成膜泡沫在油类表面的窒息作用是扑灭油类火灾的重要机理之一,针对自行开发的快速型泡沫灭火剂开展了其对油池火的窒息灭火特性研究。首先通过老化试验测试了泡沫液的热稳定性,然后对比了不同成分泡沫液在25＃变压器油表面的铺展特性,之后研究了不同发泡倍率和成分的泡沫液对油池火的窒息灭火效果及影响规律。研究发现,铺展性能不佳的泡沫液会逐渐丧失窒息能力,而铺展性能优异的泡沫液能持续发挥窒息作用。提升泡沫液热稳定性有利于在油面形成稳定的液膜,隔绝氧气并降低可燃分子挥发速率。此外,发泡倍率较低的泡沫液的流动性更强,在相同液体流量条件下低倍数泡沫的窒息灭火效果更优。自研的快速型泡沫灭火剂在热稳定性和铺展性能两方面均具备优良的性能,因此其窒息灭火效率和抗复燃能力优于现有的大部分同类泡沫灭火剂。     

Development of a field well head safety system for use with radiation generating devices

This paper discusses the design, testing and application of a new interlock system for field use with neutron generating bore hole probes at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Such probes produce 14 MeV neutrons at a yield up to 3×10⁸ neutrons/s, and present an ionizing radiation hazard to personnel particularly when operated in an unshielded configuration. This interlock system prevents personnel from being exposed to the relatively high radiation fields caused by an unsafe condition when an operating neutron generator probe is withdrawn from a well in the ground. An electromechanical interlock prototype system has been designed, built and tested, and has been found to be effective at preventing this event. The design is simple, is effective in mitigating the hazard, and can be installed in minutes. The system could be modified to interlock radiation-generating devices other than neutron generators that are used in similar environments.     

冲击对蒸汽发生器传热管微动磨损行为的影响研究

目的 研究冲击对核电站蒸汽发生器传热管在高温蒸汽环境中微动磨损行为的影响规律与机理。方法 采用高温高压蒸汽环境冲击–滑移与纯滑移对比试验,研究冲击对蒸汽发生器690TT合金传热管微动磨损行为的影响。通过分析微观损伤结构区别,对比高、低磨损能量试验结果,明确冲击在微动磨损中的作用,获得传热管冲击–滑移复合微动磨损机理。结果 高温高压蒸汽环境中,复合微动磨损与纯滑移微动磨损相比,没有犁沟磨损特征,剥层特征占主导地位,微动磨损机制为剥层磨损。磨损能量越高,冲击引起的磨屑层脱落和基体开裂越多,磨损越严重。结论 冲击显著改变了传热管的微动磨损行为,在开展传热管服役安全评估中,应充分考虑纯滑移磨损与冲击–滑移复合微动磨损的显著差异。     

Research on the influence of foaming gas in compressed air/nitrogen foam on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire

Tank fires threaten the lives of people and pollute the environment for their intense radiant heat, rapid fire spread and explosion hazard. Compressed air/nitrogen foam (CAF/CNF), a cleaner fire extinguishing technique used for the tank fire suppression because halogen-based agents were prohibited for environmental reasons. In this work, the influence of foaming gas in CAF/CNF on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire was firstly investigated. Firstly, it was found that CNF spreads faster with rapid increase in foam thickness, mainly due to its better stability and less evaporation. Secondly, after foam was discharged, there existed a short increase of the combustion intensity, associated with three monotonous regions and two time delays in the whole extinguishing time. The two time delays were caused by Rayleigh–Taylor instability and flame sheet shift, respectively, and the shift distance was larger for CNF. Finally, the influential factors contributing to flame extinction were exhibited to be mainly related to the decrease in liquid burning rate and gas-phase Damkohler number. Among these factors, foam spreading rate and thickness dominated due to coupled chemical and physical extinguishing effects. Resulted from some competitive effects, CNF was slightly more efficient at extinguishing tank fires than CAF.     

工业固体废物产生者连带责任辨析及其适用

一直以来，固体废物非法转移和倾倒等环境违法行为是固体废物管理实践中的首要突出问题。究其原因，根本在于法律对于固体废物产生者的义务和责任只局限于自身，在实践中产生者并不关注固体废物转移后的利用处置状况。新修订的《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》（以下简称《固废法》）确立了工业固体废物产生者连带责任制度，力图从源头减少或避免固体废物非法转移和倾倒事件，倒逼固体废物产生者采取有效措施治理固体废物污染。笔者从固体废物产生者的双重身份入手，深入辨析其中的权利义务关系，阐释产生者连带责任的法律基础和根本原理。从《固废法》关于连带责任关系的法律规定出发，进一步解析产生者义务和受托者义务，并具体分析了连带责任的法律适用。     

Improved research-scale foam generator design and performance characterization

The release of a cryogenic, flammable liquid, such as LNG, poses a threat to individuals in the area of the release as well as responders who attempt to limit the damage of the release. The most common mitigation technique is high-expansion foam which can be used to blanket the liquid, reducing the accumulation of flammable vapor above the pool through a number of different mechanisms. Despite the effectiveness of high-expansion foam blanketing, there are many aspects of the interaction between foam and LNG that are unknown. A lab-scale high-expansion foam generator has been developed to allow the study of those interactions. Additionally, the novel foam generator design addresses many of the drawbacks of industrial-scale foam generators and allows researchers better control of the foam, while producing foam at rates that are conducive to lab applications. Foam was produced using the generator and expansion ratio and foam stability were measured to determine the quality. The generator was able to produce foam with expansion ratio between 298 and 892 that collapsed at an average rate of 0.4 cm per minute. This quality of the foam is comparable to industrial-scale foam generators and the foam production rate is between 1.2 and 2.2 m³/min, which fits lab-scale needs. The foam generator can also be used with other types of non-firefighting foam, such as decontamination foam for chemical, biological, or nuclear decontamination.     

机械泵入式泡沫比例混合装置的研制与典型应用

介绍了消防用泡沫比例混合装置的产品进化史与各代产品的优劣,给出了第五代产品（机械泵入式泡沫比例混合装置）的原理理论分析,参照叶片泵的内部结构和前人的研究,设计了泡沫比例混合装置的核心部件（一种特殊水轮机）。为使水轮机结构最优化,对核心部件的材质进行了合理选择,并使用运动模拟软件分析了水轮机内腔结构,根据分析结果进行了优化设计,设计后试制的泡沫比例混合装置性能完全满足工程需要。最后举例说明了这种泡沫比例混合装置的典型应用。     

Experimental study on advantages of foam–sol in coal dust control

In China, more than 2.65 million coal mine workers are exposed to coal dust. Every year, new pneumoconiosis cases amount to 25,000, among which 6000 cases die of this disease. The figure is twice the death toll in production safety accidents. Occupational diseases seriously endanger life and health of coal mine workers, and restrict the healthy growth of the coal industry.The paper presented a study of foam–sol-based coal dust control. This was an experimental study of characteristics of foam–sol-based coal dust control, which features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. Comparative wettability experiments were carried out to determine contact angles of water, aqueous foam, and foam–sol solution. A new foam–sol generating system with a conical diffuser outlet was proposed.The experiment results clearly showed that the foam–sol features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. The wettability of the aqueous foam solution was better than the foam–sol solution, but the foam–sol technology had the better ability to capture the airborne dust, suppress the static dust and enclose the dust source, due to the excellent surface viscosity, strong cohesiveness and less volatile property. The paper concluded that the foam–sol could greatly improve the dust control efficiency and did not have main deficiencies that the aqueous foam technology had.     

泡沫除尘技术的研究与应用

分析了泡沫除尘机理和泡沫除尘剂配方的要求，通过相似模型实验研究确定了泡沫发生器的结构和性能。研究表明，在给定发泡网材质形状和喷雾方式下，有一个最优的发泡网风速、供液量和泡沫液浓度。泡沫除尘技术在实际中其应用范围很广，对呼吸性粉尘除尘效率高