垃圾衍生燃料热重-红外联用法的热解特性

实验以中小城市垃圾典型组分合成RDF,利用热重-傅立叶变换红外光谱(TG-FTIR)联用法对其热解特性进行了研究,并求解了RDF热解反应动力学参数。结果表明城市垃圾合成RDF具有较高的热值,煤的混入具有良好的助燃效果,单一组分及RDF混合组分的热解服从动力学基本方程表征的规律,可以用来获得动力学参数。     

基于离散余弦变换的鲁棒感知图像哈希技术

对现有感知图像哈希的生成方法进行深入研究,分析该方法存在的不足之处。分别介绍离散余弦变换、Watson视觉模型和混沌模型的原理和特点,提出将这3种模型进行融合来设计感知图像哈希的生成方法。该方法采用离散余弦变换提取图像特征,对比敏感表对特征向量进行处理并用Logistic方程作为混沌序列发生器进行加密,最后采用预测差分方法进行量化编码。试验结果表明:该方法可以抵抗内容保持的修改操作,并具有较强的鲁棒性、安全性和检索性,且冲突概率降低到10-7数量级。该技术在图像认证、版权保护、安全和基于内容的图像检索等方面有应用价值。     

Enhanced degradation of bioremediation residues in petroleum-contaminated soil using a two-liquid-phase bioslurry reactor

A study was performed to determine the potential of two-liquid-phase (TLP) bioslurry reactors using silicon oil as solvent for degradation of residual contaminants in petroleum-contaminated soil. The residues were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This allowed for the identification of a mixture of residual biomarkers, metabolic byproducts, oxygenated and hetero-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the contaminated soil. The removal amount of total extractable organics (TEO) was 15 900 mg kg⁻¹ soil in the TLP reactor within 12 weeks. However, TEO remained intact in the bioslurry reactor without the addition of silicon oil for the duration of the experiment, due to high toxicity of metabolites to the microorganisms. The availability of TEO was calculated using a mild extraction with Triton X-100, and the amount of TEO extracted was in accord with the amount of biodegraded TEO. Significantly reduced toxicity in soil was observed at week 12 through TLP remediation. Dehydrogenase activity in the bioslurry reactor was strongly suppressed. Fluorescein diacetate was significantly hydrolyzed by the composition of bioremediation residues in the contaminated soil. Microbial adhesion to the solvent was revealed by the determination of microbial activity in the water-immiscible-liquid.     

Emergency response plan for boiler explosion with toxic chemical releases at Nan-Kung industrial park in central Taiwan

A large amount of hazardous materials and equipment has been extensively employed to produce useful chemicals for our daily lives, but many serious accidents, such as fires, explosions, toxic releases, and so on, that harm human beings and impact the environment have occurred during preparation, operation, and transportation of these chemicals. On 17 May 2007, a toxic release from a boiler explosion in a chemical firm triggered a large amount of xylene (7 ton), isopropanol (8 ton), phosphorus trichloride (44.7 ton), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) (1.37 ton) to be released to the atmosphere with total damages of 2000 m² level ground. Through concerted efforts from the Yunlin Emergency Response Information Center (YERIC), sponsored by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan and other government sectors, this accident was eventually well controlled after 37 h with 107 people being involved in the rescue action. This study could be applied to lessen the degree of hazard for relevant accidents with an emergency response plan (ERP), and, via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photo ionization detector (PID) the toxic concentrations of airborne chemicals that occurred in the industrial area could be analyzed.     

基于FLAC3D的盾构隧道施工过程建模影响因素分析

基于FLAC3D对盾构隧道施工过程模拟,研究建模影响因素及其影响程度。首先,综合隧道开挖过程中盾构机前体与岩土层间相互作用的影响因素来模拟隧道开挖过程,确定地表沉降和隧道垂直（Z）方向应力;然后,分别模拟去除其中一种因素后的隧道开挖过程,并求出相应的地表沉降和隧道垂向应力;最后,基于傅里叶变换对各种情况下的地表沉降量和应力应变状况进行比较分析,找出各因素对建模的影响程度,从而为利用FLAC3D进行盾构隧道施工模拟时的影响因子的选择提供参考。研究结果表明：一方面,建模过程中的各种因素对地表沉降的影响大于对隧道Z向压力影响;另一方面,盾构机推进给作业面土体压力、盾尾灌浆延迟于管片拼装造成的暂时对土体支护力不足、盾构机刀盘转动给作业面土体的扭力等因素对模型解算造成的影响最大。     

Virgin and recycled engine oil differentiation: a spectroscopic study

As a result of the changes that occur during their use, used engine oils tend to differ in chemical and physical composition from a virgin oil. In general recycled oils have: much higher water and sediment levels than virgin oil; relatively higher concentrations of organic compounds (oxidation products); and relatively higher levels of metals such as Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, etc. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate, assess and to observe, by means of the physical and the chemical properties of the oils, atomic absorption (AA), inductive couple plasma (ICP) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses the extent of the differences occurring between the virgin and recycled oil. In important part of this work was also the development of analytical techniques based on the use of FTIR spectroscopy; in relation to the rapid analysis of lubricants; in particular for the differentiation of virgin and recycled oil. The results obtained were expected to be useful for differentiation purposes, providing information on whether the metal concentrations and oxidation products could be an appropriate feature for differentiating a particular oil sample from the others. This work is categorized into a two-step procedure. Firstly, an evaluation of a typical FTIR spectrum of an engine oil sample (mono- and multigrade) is presented. The broad feature centered at 1716 cm(-1) is due to the presence of carbonyl containing degradation products of oil. A band observed at 1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 cm(-1) assigned to the polymethacrylate stretching vibrations, allows the determination of viscosity modifier and pour point depressant additives. The observed differences in the specific spectral bands (1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 and 1716 cm(-1)) are investigated and discussed. Secondly, an analytical technique for the measurement of the levels of the wear metals is also applied.     

基于指标规范值的环境质量引力普适指数公式

为了建立物理意义明确、科学合理、计算简单和普适通用的环境质量评价模型,借鉴自然界普遍存在的万有引力现象和物理学中的规范对称性(不变性)原理,提出环境样本之间也存在类似万有引力的聚类相互作用引力,并在适当设定指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式及"参照级"样本基础上,定义了环境样本的"规范质量"和"规范坐标"的概念,进而分别建立了基于指标规范值的水环境质量和空气环境质量的引力普适指数公式.通过若干实例对公式的实用性进行了效果检验,结果表明,基于指标规范值的环境质量的引力普适指数公式具有形式简洁、规范统一、计算简便和普适通用的特点.     

厦门市郊区降尘中大分子有机质化学特征浅析

以厦门市的降尘(包括一次沙尘天气)为研究对象,采用综合湿法-化学方法获得腐殖酸(HA)、干酪根+碳黑(KB)和碳黑(BC)3类大分子有机质,分析了两种天气情况下大分子有机质的形貌特征、官能团结构和来源,同时探讨沙尘天气条件下的影响.结果表明,大分子有机质的形貌特征为探讨其来源提供了丰富的信息,如呈大孔网状结构的干酪根样品可能源于植物,而呈球状结构的BC样品则可能源于煤或油的不完全燃烧.傅立叶红外光谱研究表明,降尘中的HA、KB和BC具有相似的结构组成和官能团信息,而受到沙尘天气及季节性的影响,官能团的含量存在差别.碳稳定同位素结合扫描电镜进一步研究大分子有机质来源表明,大分子有机质有明显的陆源C3植物的信息,且有部分化石燃料的信息.沙尘天气降尘中大分子有机质的δ13C值低于正常天气,这与植物的不同地域生长环境、沙尘暴携带的来自蒙古沙漠和中国西北部的沙尘及陆源有机质的δ13C值偏低区域的沙尘影响有关.KB和BC的相关性显著(r=0.964,p ＜0.01),表明干酪根(K)与BC有部分相似的生物质来源.     

流域水质预警体系研究与应用进展

流域水质预警是水质监控管理的重要组成部分,完善的流域水质预警体系可为流域水污染处理提供充足时间和所需信息,有效削减水污染对水环境造成的影响.对国内外的流域水质预警体系研究进展分别从预警体系目标、预警指标、预警阈值及模拟模型4个方面进行了综述,并且对目前国内外典型流域水质预警体系进行了分析.结果表明:流域水质预警体系目标主要从流域水体功能和水体污染风险2个方面进行考虑;预警指标可分为物化和生物毒性指标2类,生物毒性指标可弥补物化指标的不足,但不能完全替代,二者联合并施是未来预警指标筛选的发展方向;预警阈值的制定依据环境质量标准、排放标准、水质现状及污染源特征等信息,采用单指标多次报警、多指标联合报警或物化与生物毒性指标联合报警等方式,可提高预警体系的稳定和可靠性;污染物迁移转化模型已有一些成熟应用,但大部分模型依然需要大量的参数和历史数据才能保证准确性,因此对于大型流域难以适用.目前我国还未有国家层面完整的流域水质预警体系和相关流程在应用,特别是缺乏可靠的污染物迁移转化模型.未来应从建立典型流域水质预警体系着手,集成地方流域成熟应用的污染物迁移转化模型,逐步完善国家层面的流域水质预警体系,为我国流域水质安全提供保障.      

路面不平度时域模型模拟方法研究

路面不平度是引起汽车系统振动的重要激励,路面不平度时域模型是研究公路运输平顺性的基础。本文根据国标GB/T 7031-2005中对路面不平的相关规定,研究讨论了路面不平度时域模型模拟常见的傅里叶逆变换法、谐波叠加法、滤波白噪声方法,对三种方法进行简单对比,并给出相应的实用范围。