Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).     

硼工业粉尘污染特征的研究

报告了硼加工车间空气中粗、细颗粒物的分布,包括粒子数量分布和质量分布.鄂破、球磨、雷蒙磨车间的粉尘质量浓度分别高达28,33和23 mg/m3.粉尘中PM10所占比例分别为62.1%,62.7%和56.5%.而在PM10中,细粒子比例较低,分别为10.1%,14.2%和9.22%,但PM2.5的质量浓度分别为1.76,2.94和1.20 mg/m3.用ICP-MS测定的球磨和雷蒙磨车间空气中硼的质量浓度分别为425.6和669.1 μg/m3,其污染水平是相当高的.      

辽宁省宽甸水体中硼的环境地球化学特征研究

在宽甸地区的地表水系(鸭绿江、蒲石河、南股河、北股河、爱河等),地下水及饮用水系布设采样点共采集样品56个并采用等离子质谱(Excell)及等离子光谱(IRIS)进行硼含量分析.由此揭示水体中硼的来源、分布、运移和聚集等情况,并且根据国家<农田灌溉水质标准>(GB5084-92)中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了宽甸地区地表水体的灌溉能力以及根据卫生部<生活饮用水水质卫生规范>中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了饮用水的安全程度.结果表明,宽甸地区未受硼矿开发影响的水体基本适合农业灌溉或饮用,而在硼矿开发区范围内,受到硼矿开发影响的水体大部分不适合灌溉,或不适合饮用.      

碳酸钙和硼对棕红壤油菜锰毒缓解作用

对已酸化的棕红壤进行的油菜锰毒缓解研究表明, 施用碳酸钙在提高土壤ｐ Ｈ 和降低土壤交换性锰的基础上, 改善了土壤营养状况, 其中施用０ ． ５ ％ 碳酸钙处理的效果最好, 在这一碳酸钙水平下,土壤硼处于较高的活性, 土壤速效磷钾被油菜幼苗充分利用, 油菜幼苗对营养元素具有最大吸收量,使植株生物学产量达到最大值。酸化的棕红壤只需施用０ ． ５ ％ 的碳酸钙, 其土壤酸碱度便可恢复到正常水平, 如施用更多的碳酸钙, 会造成土壤营养再度失调, 油菜幼苗的生物学产量下降。在施用碳酸钙基础上配施硼素, 可使油菜生物学产量进一步提高, 相应的土壤环境得到更好的改善, 施硼可以降低锰毒植株磷的浓缩效应和提高营养元素的利用效率。因此, 碳酸钙－ 硼配施是缓解棕红壤油菜锰毒的一项重要措施。     

硼掺杂介孔炭吸附四环素的效能与机制

以椰壳和硼酸为原料,通过简单的一步热解法制备出新型硼掺杂椰壳介孔炭材料（B-CSC）用于水中四环素类污染物的高效吸附去除.系统研究了关键制备条件热解温度和硼碳质量比对其吸附性能的影响,使用比表面积及孔径分析仪（BET）、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光子能谱仪（XPS）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）以及Zeta电位仪（Zeta）对其微观结构及物化性质进行了表征分析.系统考察了初始pH值、不同金属阳离子以及不同背景水质条件对其吸附效果的影响.结合材料表征与相关分析等对其强化吸附机制进行了深入讨论与分析.结果表明,一步热解能够将硼掺入椰壳炭的表面及晶格,导致其拥有更大的比表面积和孔体积,引入硼的形态主要是H₃BO₃、B₂O₃、B和B₄C.B-CSC对四环素的吸附量达到297.65 mg·g^-1,是原始椰壳介孔炭（CSC）的8.9倍.同时,B-CSC对于水环境中常见污染物罗丹明B（RhB）、双酚A（BPA）和亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附量分别高达372.65、255.24和147.82 mg·g^-1.B-CSC对四环素的吸附过程是物理化学作用共同主导的,主要涉及液膜扩散、表面吸附、介孔与微孔内扩散和活性位点吸附,H₃BO₃是其主要吸附位点.吸附强化机制主要是硼掺杂降低了其碳网络的化学惰性,增强了其与四环素分子的π—π相互作用和氢键作用.     

Applying the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya

Agrodiversity – the diversity of cropping systems, crop species and farm management practices has received increasing attention in recent years as a way of spreading risk and supporting food security in resource-poor farming systems. This paper discusses the dynamic aspects of indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) practices in a semi-arid part of Kenya. The objective is to show the range of sources of variability and diversity that prevail in this environment, the responses of farmers to this variability, and the way farmers' rationalise the heterogeneity of soil and water management practices. Methods used included participatory surveys and evaluations, on-farm monitoring, soil and rainfall data analyses, and questionnaire surveys. Sources of variability affecting cropping systems and land management practices included rainfall, soil fertility, farmer resource level and farm productivity. A decision-tree was developed to examine how biophysical and socio-economic variability affected farmers' choice of ISWC. Different ISWC structures dominated on sandy and stony soils, respectively. Low resource farmers tended to choose cheaper and less labour demanding techniques, and constructed smaller ISWC structures than better endowed farmers. The largest diversity of ISWC practices was found on newly-opened land with mixed soils. Moreover, on-farm productivity levels indicated that costly investments in SWC are unfeasible, as this would further increase the risk for negative returns to farming. The wider implications of the results are that SWC interventions in marginal areas should build on the existing agrodiversity and an understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and socio-economic factors that give rise to differences in farming systems and land management practices.     

A socio-economic analysis of rice production systems in the uplands of northern Vietnam

Production of upland rice under shifting cultivation system is an important economic activity in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam. A comparative study of two districts with differential market access and population pressure was conducted to highlight the effect of these variables on upland rice systems in northern Vietnam. Farmers in the district with a greater population pressure have a shorter cropping and a shorter fallowing cycle than in the district with lower population pressure. Farmers reported a high incidence of food shortage in both districts. Income from livestock and wages are important for food purchases, especially in the district with a better access to market. Even in these upland districts, access to lowland fields is a critical determinant of food security.     

水中硼测定方法比对研究

对姜黄素分光光度法、甲亚胺-H分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定硼的方法性能进行了比对研究,为硼的测定方法的选择提供了良好的科学依据。     

丹东地区农业土壤污染及防治研究

本文以丹东地区农业土壤污染与防治为研究对象,论述了在进行经济活动、污染源、污染方式调查的基础上的采样布点原则,并采用灰色聚类法及综合污染指数法进行土壤污染现状评价,根据本地区土壤污染的具体问题提出了镁、硼、锌等的污染防治对策。本文还将邻近学科的甄别比概念引入该研究中。     

Nitrate leaching from a free-draining volcanic soil irrigated with municipal sewage effluent in New Zealand

Land application of municipal sewage effluent is becoming increasingly popular worldwide as a means of disposal, treatment, nutrient recycling, irrigation to meet plants' water requirements, and groundwater recharge. Nitrate leaching from a volcanic soil (Typic Udivitrand) was investigated under a Pinus radiata plantation near Rotorua, New Zealand, which had received, on average, 0, 29, and 88 mm per week of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for the previous 4 years. Four replicates of undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters (200 mm diameter×200 mm depth) from surface soil from each treatment were used to study the influence of the three different rates of effluent application on N leaching. A rapid emergence of nitrate–N occurred in the drainage samples, and indicated that approximately up to half of soil nitrate was readily leached beyond the topsoil. Nitrate–N concentrations in the drainage water increased substantially with effluent application rate, almost reaching the World Health Organisation recommended limits (approximately 10 g m⁻³) in plots receiving effluent at the highest rate. Given that nitrate leaching from the soils may threaten the viability of the land treatment system, due to large N loads being observed in streams which drain irrigated catchments during winter periods, possible strategies for minimising nitrate leaching losses under effluent irrigation may need to be considered.