Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...     

不同土壤改良剂及其组合对降低大白菜镉和铅含量的作用

为寻求有效抑制污染土壤上大白菜对重金属镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的吸收、保持大白菜卫生品质的技术方法,利用土壤盆栽试验,对施用不同土壤改良剂及其组合降低大白菜地上部Cd和Pb含量的效应进行了比较研究.结果表明,施用改良剂对大白菜的生长具有促进作用,施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd含量,施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜中Cd和Pb的含量.加入5.0 mg.kg-1 Cd,2种大白菜地上部的Cd含量在所有的改良剂处理下均超过了0.5 mg.kg-1.在投加Pb 1500 mg.kg-1后,2种大白菜在加入石灰+鸡粪+过磷酸钙后,其地上部Pb含量均小于2.0 mg.kg-1,可以满足大白菜在Pb(1500 mg.kg-1)污染土壤上的安全生产.     

白菜腌制中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量的变化研究

硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐都是对人体有害的物质。文章研究了白菜在腌制过程中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量的动态变化,实验表明亚硝酸盐的形成与白菜的腌制时间、温度、腌制液盐浓度、糖浓度等因素有关;硝酸盐的积累是受白菜的品种以及外部因素比如肥料、光、水分、温度等综合影响,在腌制过程中部分硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐相互转化。实验结果:在12℃的温度下腌制30天以后食用白菜比较好,而且腌制白菜的食盐浓度在10%~15%之间,糖浓度在3%左右较佳。     

Behaviour of endosulfan in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)

Residue levels of endosulfan were determined in cabbage heads after being sprayed with a formulation containing the insecticide and upon storage at room temperature (15–27°C) and in a refrigerator (2–5°C). The half-life was calculated to be 4.8 and 5.5 days. Peeling removed the residues by 92%. Similarly, washing and washing followed by cooking removed 72% and 97% residue in cabbage stored at room temperature. These treatments were slightly less effective for samples stored in a refrigerator. Household processes such as peeling, washing, and washing followed by cooking should be regular practice before the vegetables are used.     

溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的残留及消解行为研究

研究了溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中残留的仪器检测方法,并在天津、山东和江苏连续开展了2 a溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中残留状况和消解动态规律研究的田间试验。结果表明,在溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的添加质量比分别为0.025~0.5 mg/kg和0.025~1 mg/kg的水平下,甘蓝中溴氰菊酯的平均添加回收率为92.19%~102.48%,变异系数为2.98%~9.46%;吡虫啉平均添加回收率为94.58%~100.30%,变异系数为0.85%~4.10%。甘蓝中溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的最小检出量分别为0.1 ng和0.5 ng,甘蓝中溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的最低检出质量比均为0.025 mg/kg。田间试验表明,在甘蓝莲座期施用20%溴氰菊酯.吡虫啉悬浮剂1次,溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的消解动态符合一级动力学反应模型,溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉在甘蓝中的残留消解半衰期分别为4.4~8.8 d和5.9~8.6 d。按照推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在甘蓝中施用20%溴氰菊酯.吡虫啉悬浮剂3~4次,2次施药间隔7 d,距最后一次施药10 d时,溴氰菊酯在甘蓝中的最高残留量低于GB2763—2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》规定的溴氰菊酯在甘蓝中的最大残留限量(0.5 mg/kg),以及NY 1500.5.6—2007《农产品中农药最大残留限量》规定的吡虫啉在甘蓝中的最大残留限量(1 mg/kg)。     

大白菜对铅积累与转运的品种差异研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了15种大白菜对铅(Pb)积累与转运的品种差异,以期筛选具有Pb低积累潜力的大白菜品种.结果表明,15种大白菜地上部Pb含量存在显著品种差异(P0.05),表明大白菜对Pb毒害具有一定的耐受性.根据地上部Pb含量、转运系数和Pb耐性等指标评价,第一春宝可视为具有Pb低积累潜力的大白菜品种.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中持久性及残留的研究

本文报道灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中的残留试验结果.经在南北两地连续两年的田间试验表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号属非持久性农药,在作物和土壤中都较快地消失,在大白菜上的半衰期为3.8—14.0d,在土壤中为8.8—27.0d.用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂稀释2500倍,每亩每次按常规用药10g或加倍药量20g(有效成分)施药,喷施2或3次,距最后一次施药三周时,灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜的最大残留量为2.67ppm,在土壤中为13.81ppm.建议该农药在大白菜上的最高允许残留量(MRL)为3ppm,安全间隔期为21d.     

土法炼锌区土壤-白菜系统中重金属的化学调控研究

采用苗圃盆栽试验,用腐殖质、EDTA、不同量的石灰等对赫章土法炼锌区的污染土壤进行处理。测定了基质的化学特性、重金属的DTPA提取态含量,并观察了白菜生长特性及其对重金属累积特性。结果表明,施用石灰处理,土壤速效磷由0.5mg/kg增加到10 mg/kg,土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的DTPA提取态分别降低了83.9%、23.1%和79.4%;白菜中Pb、Zn和Cd的含量分别减少97.2%、94.7%和89.4%;白菜生物量增加了5.97倍。土法炼锌区影响白菜生长主要土壤因子是pH值和速效磷,白菜中的Cd、Pb与土壤DTPA提取态的Cd、Pb呈显著正相关。在土法炼锌区重金属污染土壤中施加石灰是一种实用而有效的改良措施。     

Differences of cadmium absorption and accumulation in selected vegetable crops

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Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.