管制员认知偏差测评量表的编制与应用

利用信息加工模型,结合管制工作的特殊性,编制出管制员认知偏差测评量表。利用该量表对管制员认知偏差进行测量,结果表明管制员管制过程中存在较大的认知偏差;不同性别及年龄的管制员在认知偏差方面存在显著差异。     

露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为研究——以抚顺西露天矿区为例

为探究露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素,基于社会认知理论视角,引入中介变量个人规范,将应急安全疏散行为划分为应急安全疏散遵守行为和参与行为,构建露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素理论模型,并以抚顺西露天矿区周边居民为调查对象,依据272份有效样本进行结构方程实证检验.结果表明:露天矿区突发...     

流动人口空间结构分析

在人本主义地理学框架下,对城市社会空间结构的分类研究成为必然。以流动人口空间结构为主题,总结了城市化一空间的二元分析框架。在此基础上重点构建了流动人口空间结构体系,对流动人口区位空间、行为空间和感应空间的涵义、特征、功能等进行解析。认为流动人口空间是在城市空间基底上叠加的具有流动人口特质的空间形态,是一种再造的空间。提出流动人口收入水平及行为活动的多少是影响流动人口空间关系的主要因素。     

夜间动态环境中空间距离驾驶员判识变化

为研究驾驶员在夜间地面动态环境中距离判识变化的规律,改进行车安全.选取32名驾驶员进行实际道路试验.被试在自车行进方向不同的深度距离、车速下,判识前方障碍物的绝对距离和相对距离.统计距离判识值,得出夜间距离判识值数据分布,取得距离判识特征值.回归分析判识距离与速度的关系,建立障碍物判识变化的数学模型.比较昼夜距离判识差异,分析其对夜间行车安伞的影响.结果表明:在车辆行驶深度方向,夜间距离判识值随速度增加而不断下降,两者之间呈负指数关系;在相同深度距离和速度下,夜间判识距离大于昼间;夜间行车时,需适当降低车速,确保有效的安伞距离.     

认知过程中交通标志视认有效性影响因素分析

应用认知心理学的理论及方法,对驾驶员感知交通标志的心理过程进行分析,提出一种将驾驶员的直觉、分析和推理三者相结合的驾驶员信息处理模型。从标志和驾驶员特征出发对影响标志视认性的因素给出基于心理感知的理论分析。该分析结果为驾驶员认知过程研究、标志视认有效性的评价指标选取和相关系统开发设计提供了依据。     

Making sense of organizational change: Is hindsight really 20/20?

This qualitative study explores the conceptual links between 2 different approaches to managerial cognition, sensemaking and cognitive bias, in the context of organizational change. A longitudinal case study utilizing both real‐time assessments and retrospective sensemaking data from interviews with 26 hospital employees at 3 points in time was undertaken. Patterns related to individuals' retrospective accounts and real‐time assessments were identified and used to construct 4 prototypical narratives. Data analysis revealed that organizational change was not a markedly negative experience for most informants, which is contrary to the prevailing theme in the literature. This and other findings are discussed in terms of sensemaking and cognitive bias. This study makes 2 contributions to our understanding of how individual's experience and make sense of organizational change over time as (a) little is known about how the process of change unfolds over time at the individual level and (b) extant research has not investigated the extent to which individuals' retrospective sensemaking about organizational change reflects or diverges from their real‐time assessments over the course of the change. More broadly, the study provides insights and focused advice for management researchers regarding the use of retrospective data to understand individuals' perceptions of situations that have already occurred.     

On the selection of stimulus for the auditory variant of the detection response task method for driving experiments

Objectives: The detection response task (DRT) is a method for measuring attentional effects of secondary tasks on a driver's cognitive load by measuring response times and hit rates to different types of stimuli as indirect indicators of increased cognitive load. ISO 17488 (International Organization for Standardization 2016) only provides guidelines for the technical implementation and measurement methods for the visual and tactile versions (use of visual and tactile stimuli) of the DRT method. This article presents a study with the goal of finding the most appropriate auditory stimulus for the implementation of an auditory version of the DRT method.

Methods: This article presents the results of an experiment in which responses to 7 different auditory DRT stimuli—varying in frequency—were compared while inducing users' cognitive load with a modified n-back task. The experiment was conducted in a surrogate driving environment and in a within-subject design. Response times, hit rates, and secondary task performances were observed as indicators of increased cognitive load.

Results: Significantly shorter response times were found for the white noise signal compared to single-frequency signals. However, the largest differences in response times, for trials without and with a cognitive task, were found for 4- and 8-kHz single-frequency signals. No significant differences were found for hit rates and secondary task performances between the different stimuli.

Conclusions: Consistent significant differences in response times for all tested stimuli prove that the auditory DRT variant is also sensitive to changes in cognitive load. The mean increase in response times of more than 25% for 4- and 8-kHz signals for trials with a cognitive task compared to trials without one indicates that one of these signals could be used as a potential auditory stimulus for the auditory DRT variant.     

基于大数据分析与认知技术的空气质量预报预警平台

为深入认识区域大气污染现象规律,完善并提高城市空气质量预报预警能力,提高大气污染治理决策支持能力,开展城市污染成因分析与空气质量预报预警研究是十分必要的。本文针对环境大数据时代下的城市空气质量预报,提出了一种基于大数据分析与认知技术的专业先进的大气环境业务应用系统体系。该体系基于底层统一的数据资源中心,融合各类不同类型的空气质量监测、不同预报系统的产品数据以及基础辅助数据,建立数据汇交、共享、质控管理机制,通过上层预报预警、综合分析、案例分析、应急决策支持四大子系统,从多模式集合预报结合专家调优支撑高性能预报会商应用,从大数据融合时空关联分析深度挖掘大气复合污染特征与污染成因,从多维度历史污染过程和天气形势全自动化认知分析支撑重污染过程研判,从业务化仿真情景方案与污染溯源助力专业应急决策。最后,通过在北京市环境保护监测中心的系统实现证明体系的高性能、稳定性和实用性。     

复杂系统中人误原因因素的层次分析法

介绍和评析了人误分析历史上有重要影响的几种人误原因因素分类方法:传统人因分类法、信息处理分类法和认知系统工程分类法.基于认知可靠性及失误分析方法(CREAM)的人误原因因素分类,运用层次分析法(AHP)基本原理,建立了大规模复杂人-机系统人误原因因素层次结构模型及相应的AHP程序,并以JCO公司超临界事故为实例进行了分析.分析和应用结果表明,本文所建立的人误原因因素层次结构模型及AHP程序能够辨识出大规模复杂人-机系统中人误的主要原因因素,进而寻找出最优预防方案,对预防和减少此类人误事故的发生有积极意义.     

安全认知观念的研究与决策分析

通过分析当前石油石化企业发生的事故数据,发现由于人为因素造成的事故时有发生,给企业安全生产造成重大影响。为了深入了解造成事故发生的人为因素产生根源,笔者通过多种方式获取资料,利用系统论研究方法,得出了企业员工和管理者普遍存在的安全认知观念。在此基础上,提出员工和管理者之间推荐的共同安全认知观念,从观念上让员工和管理者对不安全行为形成一致的认知,并在减少员工不安全行为、规范员工的安全行为方面给出了行之有效的解决方法,即在企业推行行为安全管理工具-HSE观察卡。应用结果表明,通过推行HSE观察卡,可有效提高企业员工在现场作业活动中的安全作业意识,从而避免或减少由于人的不安全行为造成事故发生率,提升了企业安全生产水平。