三维电极耦合臭氧技术处理油田压裂返排液

构建了一种活性炭三维电极耦合臭氧（3D/O₃）的反应体系,研究了其对胜利油田压裂返排液COD的去除效果,探究了3D/O₃体系的反应机制,考察了电流、臭氧浓度等过程参数对COD去除性能的影响.压裂返排液经3小时3D/O₃处理后,COD去除率可达到78%,且在多个多周期运行后保持在60%以上.与之相比,单独三维电极和臭氧氧化仅能去除37%和17%的COD.研究结果表明,3D/O₃体系可有效耦合活性炭吸附、电化学氧化、催化臭氧等多种反应机制,高效产生·OH氧化降解压裂返排液中的有机污染物和原位再生活性炭,有望为油田压裂返排液提供一种有效的处理技术.     

Impacts of Bakken Shale Oil Development on Regional Water Uses and Supply

The Bakken shale play in western North Dakota is one of the largest unconventional oilfields in the United States, but published research about impacts on the region's water resources is rare. In this study, besides examining North Dakota water management policies and activities, we also analyzed three datasets: the Bakken horizontal well completion data (2008‐2014), North Dakota permitted water consumption data (2000‐2014), and groundwater level and streamflow observations in western North Dakota (2000‐2014). We found from 2008 to 2014, the annual total industrial water uses for Bakken shale oil development ranged between 0.5 and 10% of statewide total consumptive water use. The percentage increases were between 3.0 and 40% within the Bakken oil production region. The increased population of temporary oilfield service workers contributed additional domestic water use, which was equivalent to ~15% of annual industrial water use for the shale oil development in the Bakken. Despite being in a semiarid region, the impact of Bakken development on regional water supply was limited because the water in the Bakken was adaptively managed and the region received on average over 20% more precipitation than normal during 2008‐2014. Of the 15 glaciofluvial aquifers under study, 12 have seen water levels increasing or unchanged and the water levels for the remaining 3 aquifers have decreased.     

微电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝组合工艺处理油田压裂废水

采用微电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝组合工艺处理油田压裂废水,优化了工艺条件。实验结果表明：最佳工艺条件为初始废水pH 3.0、铁屑加入量1.5 g/L（铁屑与活性炭的质量比1∶1）、微电解时间80 min、Fenton氧化时间120 min、H₂O₂加入量940 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺加入量120 mg/L;在最佳工艺条件下处理废水后,COD由3 116.0 mg/L降至681.3 mg/L,总COD去除率达78.1%,3个工段的COD去除率依次为33.1%,37.9%,7.1%,出水水质满足现场回注标准（SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》）;该组合工艺对废水的处理效果远优于单独微电解、Fenton氧化或絮凝工艺,且方法简单易行、药剂利用率高。     

油气田压裂返排液处理技术探讨

水力压裂是中低渗油田、非常规页岩气田增产开采的重要措施,开采会产生大量的压裂返排液,处理难度大,可能导致比较严重的水污染问题.首先基于国内外油气田压裂返排液的典型水质指标,分析了油气田压裂返排液的水质特点,包括组成复杂、多数水质指标超过国内污水回用标准、油气田压裂返排液组成差异大且处理难点不同;从处理原理、优缺点、油气田应用条件及效果出发,探讨了可用于油气田压裂返排液处理的相关技术,并提出了中国油气田压裂返排液处理存在的问题与相应的建议.     

煤层水力压裂合理参数分析与工程实践

煤层水力压裂技术是近年来应用于高瓦斯低透气性突出煤层的一种卸压增透消突技术,人们对水力压裂的卸压增透消突机理有了较充分的认识,现场工程应用的效果也较好,但有关煤层水力压裂参数是如何确定的系统分析却是很少。笔者在阐述水力压裂机理及压裂过程的基础上,系统地阐述高瓦斯低透气性突出煤层水力压裂所需的注水压力、流量、注水时间、注水速度、孔间距、封孔长度等技术参数以及煤体内在因素的影响作用;最后在义安矿FD003工作面进行了水力压裂试验研究和效果考察,得出适合义安矿的水力压裂合理注水参数。通过水力压裂,煤层瓦斯抽放量和抽放浓度得到大幅度提高,达到了卸压增透防突效果,同时起到了润湿煤体和降尘效果。     

Fracking in the German Press: Securing Energy Supply on the Eve of The ‘Energiewende’ – A Quantitative Framing-Based Analysis

In many countries worldwide, unconventional hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking) is considered a natural steppingstone toward the use of renewable energies against the backdrop of climate change. Although commercial drilling for shale gas has not yet begun in Germany, the public discourse appears to be creating more controversy than in other European countries. Based on the theoretical concept of “framing,” we conducted a quantitative empirical study from January 2013 to December 2014 analyzing the coverage of fracking in three highly influential newspapers and political magazines in Germany. The results of this study provide the first insights into the discussion of fracking in the German news media and allow comparisons to the debate in other European countries. We found that fracking is mainly discussed in the economic context of securing the future energy supply while the potential risks of the technique are mostly ignored. We discuss our findings and try to explain the unbalanced reporting.     

Dynamic Discourse Coalitions on hydro-fracking in Europe and the United States

ABSTRACT

Hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is a controversial issue in most countries. In these controversies, actors use discursive boundary work to convince various audiences of their position. Discursive boundary work is a communicative strategy that involves the framing of facts in contrast to other kinds of arguments. In this article we develop the Dynamic Discourse Coalition (DDC) approach to study how discourse coalitions deploy discursive boundary work to confirm, integrate, polarize or disintegrate their own and opposing discourse coalitions. The DDC approach enables a deeper understanding of the dynamics of controversies about hydraulic fracturing and similar contested technologies by illuminating the influence of communicative processes on policy formation. Based on an analysis of policy documents, academic reports, newspapers, interviews and websites we compare the dynamics of contesting discourse coalitions in the Netherlands and New York. This analysis explains why policy formed in different ways in the cases, despite the apparent similarity of the discourse coalitions that emerged in the respective controversies.     

页岩气压裂返排液的水生生态毒性效应研究

页岩气压裂作业过程产生大量压裂返排液,这类废液富含有毒且致癌的芳香烃、有毒金属和铀、钍、镭等放射性物质、石油类添加剂等,具有可生化性差和难处理的特点。这类废液若不经任何处理就进行排放,将给环境和人群健康带来潜在的危害和风险。目前尚不清楚它们的生态毒性效应。论文从涪陵页岩气开采基地采集了4口开采井(2号井、6号井-1、6号井-2和9号井)的压裂返排液,采用国家废水测试标准分析4种压裂返排液的水质理化指标,采用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)等标准毒性试验生物探究压裂返排液污染物体系的水生生态毒性效应,并研究水质理化指标与压裂返排液综合毒性的关系。结果表明,采集的所有压裂返排液样品均具备较大的水生生态毒性效应。以斜生栅藻的96 h的半数效应浓度(96 h-EC_(50))或大型溞的96 h的半数致死浓度(96 h-LC_(50))和毒性单位(TUa)为评价指标进行生态毒性分级,4个位点压裂返排液的生态毒性均为中毒及以上。压裂返排液的重金属、阴阳离子及有机物含量与其综合毒性的相关性结果表明,这些污染物成分与其藻类综合毒性无显著相关性。但Li、V、Cu、Ga、Rb、Ba等6种重金属及Na+、Cl-等2种阴阳离子对压裂返排液的溞类综合毒性有显著影响,影响程度依次为LiGaBaCl-VNa+RbCu。因此,在对压裂返排液进行处理时,这些与毒性相关的污染物是需要重点考虑的化学成分。     

Toxicity of acidization fluids used in California oil exploration

There has been considerable public interest regarding the toxicity of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, but little is known about its sister technique, acidizing. Little to no research has been done on what the chemicals of acidization are and what impact they could have on humans and the environment. This paper discusses the differences between three acidizing techniques (acid maintenance, matrix acidization, and acid fracturing) and quantifies the amounts of the chemicals used for each. Washington State's Quick Chemical Assessment Tool is used to identify F-graded toxins, which are known carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxins, developmental toxins, endocrine disruptors, or high acute toxicity chemicals. The analysis of the present data shows that there have been over 600 instances of acidizing in urbanized Southern and Central California from April 2013 to August 2015. Although most of the chemicals of acidizing are similar to hydraulic fracturing, those used most frequently are different. There are close to 200 specific chemicals used in acidization, with at least 28 of them being F-graded hazardous chemicals. Some are used frequently in the range of 100–1000 kg per treatment, such as hydrofluoric acid, xylene, diethylene glycol, and ethyl benzene. Close to 90 more chemicals are identified using non-specific names as trade secrets or reported with no quantity. Unlike hydraulic fracturing the chemical concentrations in acidizing are high, ranging from 6% to 18%, and the waste returns can be highly acidic, in the range of pH 0–3. With this paper it is hoped that acidization becomes part of the larger discussion on concerns with oil exploration and be evaluated by appropriate authorities.     

There will be blood: Crime rates in shale-rich U.S. counties

Over the past decade the production of tight oil and shale gas significantly increased in the United States. This paper examines how this energy boom has affected regional crime rates throughout the country. We find positive effects on rates of various property and violent crimes in shale-rich counties. In 2013, the cost of the additional crimes in the average treatment county was roughly $2 million. These results are not easily explained by shifts in observed demographics like gender and age. There is however evidence that people with criminal records (registered sex offenders) moved disproportionally to shale-boom towns in North Dakota. We also document a rise in income inequality (a postulated determinant of criminal activity) that coincides with the timing of the energy boom. Policy makers in boom towns should anticipate these crime effects and invest in public infrastructure accordingly.