复杂环境下场平石方爆破与安全技术

场平爆破南北各有1个加油站,临近公路和高压线,对爆破振动和飞石控制严格,爆破设计和施工难度较大.介绍了该复杂环境下场平石方爆破设计和安全技术,可供类似工程参考.     

涂铁石英砂吸附水中Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

采用静态吸附和动态过滤的试验方法研究了涂铁石英砂（IOCS）滤料对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除，并探讨其吸附机理。研究结果表明，Cr（Ⅵ）在IOCS上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附模型。经氧化铁改性滤料表面电位带正电荷，对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有良好的去除效果。pH值对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除影响较大，随着溶液的pH值升高，滤料表面电位减小，Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附率也减小。IOCS滤料去除Cr（Ⅵ）机理主要为静电吸附。     

ELISA AND GC/MS ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN NORTH CAROLINA1

ABSTRACT: Studies were conducted to analyze the presence of 11 pesticide residues in 12 surface waters in the Piedmont and coastal plain regions of North Carolina. Samples were assayed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). All ELISA results of one part per billion (ppb, μg/L) or greater were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCIMS). ELISA detection limits were approximately an order of magnitude higher than GCJMS methods. Of the 5,035 analytical results from 742 surface water samples, atrazine was detected in approximately 45 percent of the samples, five of which were at or above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 3‐ppb. Metolachlor was detected in 64 percent of the samples. Aldicarb, 2,4‐D, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were also detected, and each was found in less than 12 percent of the samples. The remaining pesticides, including carbaryl, acetochior, methomyl, carbofuran, and alachlor, were not detected during the study period.     

Ozone Dry Deposition Velocities for Coastal Waters

Air-sea exchange rates for ozone were measured by the eddy correlation technique at a site on the north Norfolk coast in the UK. The average surface resistance to ozone uptake was found to be, r_s(O₃) = 1,000 ± 100 s m^-1. Micrometeorological measurements of trace gas fluxes to ocean surfaces are rare but a review of available measurements suggests that we can constrain sea water surface resistance for ozone to between 1,000 (Regener (1974), and this work) and 1,890 s m^-1 (Lenschow et al., 1982), yielding surface deposition velocities between 0.53 and 1.0 mm s^-1. These values are more than an order of magnitude greater than can be explained by laboratory determined mass accommodation coefficients for ozone to water. The importance of dry deposition with respect to process air-sea exchange models is highlighted. A trend in surface deposition velocity with wind speed was also observed supporting a surface chemical enhancement mechanism of ozone uptake which in turn is enhanced by near surface mixing processes.     

Biosorption of thorium on the external shell surface of bivalve mollusks: the role of shell surface microtopography

External shell surface (ESS) of bivalve mollusks is known to adsorb various metals dissolved in ambient water in high concentration. It is hypothesized here that the surface microtopography of the thin organic coating layer, periostracum, or calcareous shell (if periostracum was destroyed) plays a major role in the adsorption of actinides on ESS. Thorium (natural alpha-emitter) was used in short-term biosorption experiment with shell fragments of five bivalve mollusks. After a 72 h exposure to Th (∼6 kBq L⁻¹), thorium concentration was measured on ESS using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; the distribution and density of alpha tracks were subsequently visualized by α-track autoradiography. A trend in reduced Th concentrations on the ESS was observed depending upon the species tested: (group 1 ∼4000 μg g⁻¹) Chlamys islandica (M.), Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), Dreissena polymorpha (P.) > (group 2 ∼1200 μg g⁻¹) Crassostrea virginica (G.) ? (group 3 ∼150 μg g⁻¹) Mytilus edulis L. The microtopography of ESS was characterized by scanning electron microscopy revealing the high porosity of the calcareous surface of C. islandica and M. mercenaria, lamellate surface of periostracum in D. polymorpha, uneven but a weakly porous surface of periostracum of C. virginica, and a nearly smooth surface of the periostracum of M. edulis. This work has demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of a strong correlation between concentration of adsorbed Th and ESS microtopography, and the role of the periostracum in this process is discussed.     

城郊乡村生活垃圾衍生燃料热解特性研究

将城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成粒径6.0 mm左右的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),采用热重(TG)分析和红外光谱等研究其热解特性.结果表明:(1)在RDF挥发分阶段和生物质挥发分阶段,助燃添加剂处于活泼分解阶段,加入了30％(质量分数)秸秆、玉米芯等生物质作助燃添加剂后的RDF(以下简写为混合RDF)分子碎片正发生内部氢重排,总体挥发分产物较多,并且有明显的二次裂解,失重提高到4.85 mg,失重率约提高12％.在RDF与生物质重叠的碳固定阶段,助燃添加剂失重率有一定提高,热重微分(DTG)峰值速率增加,为RDF碳固定阶段的进一步热解提供了良好的支持.(2)快加热产气速率均大于慢加热.(3)热解终温越高,越有利气体析出.(4)RDF的热解固体产率随着热解终温的升高而降低,在850℃时为31.9％;热解气体产率随着热解终温升高而迅速升高,在850℃时可达49.8％.(5)根据红外光谱图,城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成的RDF中所含的氯元素基本上以HCl形式释放.(6)一级动力学反应可以准确地描述物料热解过程.     

k-C＊模型的人工湿地模拟研究

采用自由表面流人工湿地,对广东省中山市某小区对应段的河涌进行生态修复改造。基于k-C＊模型的计算结果表明,在对现有河涌的面积的利用下,TP和NH4＋-N的去除效果受到限制。采用多因素正交实验对模型的计算结果进行实验验证和分析,研究了4种植物、4种基质,分别在2、4、6和8 d水力停留时间（HRT）下对TP和NH4＋-N的去除效果,得到影响TP和NH4＋-N去除效果的因素主次顺序分别为基质→植物→HRT和基质→HRT→植物;各因素的最佳水平条件分别为：风车草、颗粒活性炭、4 d（HRT）。在最佳水平条件下进行实验,结果表明,TP和NH4＋-N的浓度均可达到出水排放标准浓度指标。k-C＊模型的计算值总是比实验值偏高,但两者之间的误差在一个数量级范围内。     

活动断层及其避让距离研究综述

综述了活动断层及避让距离的有关进展:(1)对活动断层进行了最新总结,并着重给出了工程上避让距离研究所用的活动断层概念;(2)归纳了世界有关国家活动断层避让的规范和专家的有关研究并进行了评价;(3)对断层地表破裂与避让问题进行了总结,指出符合工程避让的断层精确定位和建立工程分类的避让距离研究是今后应攻关的方向,并提出了供参考的研究结果及想法。     

Upper trapezius fatigue in carpet weaving: the impact of a repetitive task cycle

Introduction. Shoulder disorders are one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among carpet weavers. The most important cause of these disorders is muscle fatigue. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of carpet weaving characteristics on upper trapezius (UTr) muscle fatigue during a task cycle. Method. In this cross-sectional study, 9 women and 3 men participated. During an 80-min cycle of carpet weaving, a times-series model was applied to assess electromyography amplitude and frequency changes. Result. According to the joint analysis of electromyogram spectrum and amplitude method, the participants experienced 0% force decrease, 0.9% recovery, 18% force increase and 72% fatigue in the left UTr. Furthermore, the rates of force decrease, recovery, force increase and fatigue in the right UTr were 18%, 18%, 18% and 45%, respectively. Fatigue in the right and the left UTr was reported to be the dominant state during one carpet weaving task cycle. Conclusion. Task cycle appears to have a significant impact on UTr fatigue in participants, and UTr fatigue can be considered a serious risk factor in shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. Hence, further studies should focus on better workstations and work–rest periods during various subtasks.     

不同工艺对含高浓度腐殖酸地下水处理的可行性

针对内蒙古农村地区高腐殖酸地下水的处理问题，分别对（pH调节）-PAC强化混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化／混凝、活性炭吸附／混凝、Fenton氧化等技术处理的可行性进行了研究，同时利用三维荧光和高效体积排阻色谱分析处理前后水中有机物的组成变化特征。有机分析结果显示，水中的有机物为腐殖酸类物质，分子量分别为1600和3500，腐殖酸类物质为水中色度的主要贡献者。原水PAC强化混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化／PAC混凝对有机物的去除效果不佳，处理前后水样DOC浓度无明显变化，而pH调节．PAC强化混凝、微米活性炭吸附和Fenton氧化均能有效去除有机物。将原水pH调节至6．5，经300mg／LPAC混凝后出水DOC降至5．99mg／L。活性炭投加量为0．6g／L时，DOC降至7．6mg／L，然后采用60mg／LPAC混凝出去高度分散而不易沉降的小颗粒活性炭。此外，当反应初始pH值为3，过氧化氢投加量为0．5％（v／v），亚铁和双氧水摩尔比为0．05时，出水DOC降至5．6mg／L，氧化后有小分子有机物生成。