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81.
The influence of the Buzuluk Pine Forest on biodiversity of plants and soil properties in adjacent territories has been studied. The results show that in the immediate vicinity of the pine forest, under the influence of the relatively mild and humid mesoclimate, natural phytocenoses are dominated by mesophytic species. Biodiversity reaches a peak at a distance of 17–18 km from the forest, which is explained by the presence of both mesophytes and xerophytes in the same phytocenosis. The same zone is also characterized by the maximum diversity of soil properties and structural complexity of the soil cover. Grass communities on ordinary chernozems with a homogeneous soil cover, typical of the steppe zone, are formed at greater distances from the forest.  相似文献   
82.
Background, Aim and Scope Extensive monitoring programs on chemical contamination are run in many European river basins. With respect to the implementation of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD), these programs are increasingly accompanied by monitoring the ecological status of the river basins. Assuming an impact of chemical contamination on the ecological status, the assignment of effects in aquatic ecosystems to those stressors that cause the effects is a prerequisite for taking political or technical measures to achieve the goals of the WFD. Thus, one focus of present European research is on toxicant identification in European river basins in order to allow for a reduction of toxic pressure on aquatic ecosystems according to the WFD. Main Features: An overview is presented on studies that were performed to link chemical pollution in European river basins to measurable ecotoxic effects. This includes correlation-based approaches as well as investigations that apply effect-directed analysis (EDA) integrating toxicity testing, fractionation and non-target chemical analysis. Effect-based key toxicants that were identified in European surface waters are compiled and compared to EU priority pollutants. Further needs for research are identified. Results: Studies on the identification of effect-based key toxicants focused on mutagenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects, endocrine disruption, green algae, and invertebrates. The identified pollutants include priority pollutants and other well-known environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, nonylphenol, some pesticides and tributyltin, but also other compounds that were neither considered as environmental pollutants before nor regulated such as substituted phenols, natural or synthetic estrogens and androgens, dinaphthofurans, 2-(2-naphthalenyl)benzothiophene, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. Discussion: Individual studies at specific sites in a European river basin demonstrated the power of combined biological and chemical analytical approaches and, particularly, of effect-directed analysis. However, the available information on effect-based key toxicants is very limited with respect to the entirety of rivers possibly at risk due to chemical contamination and with respect to toxicological endpoints considered at a specific site. A relatively broad basis of information exists only for estrogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon, receptor-mediated effects. Conclusions: The development of tools and strategies for an identification of key toxicants on a broader scale are a challenging task for the next years. Since investigations dealing with toxicant identification are too labor and cost-intensive for monitoring purposes, they have to be focused on the key sites in a river basin. These should include hot spots of contamination, particularly if there is evidence that they might pose a risk for downstream areas, but may also involve accumulation zones in the lower reach of a river in order to get an integrated picture on the contamination of the basin. Perspectives: While EDA is almost exclusively based on measurable effects in in vitro and in vivo biotests to date, an increasing focus in the future should be on the integration of EDA into Ecological Risk Assessment and on the development of tools to confirm EDA-determined key toxicants as stressors in populations, communities and ecosystems. Considering these requirements and applied in a focused way, toxicant identification may significantly help to implement the Water Framework Directive by providing evidence on the main stressors and possible mitigation measures in order to improve the ecological status of a river ecosystem.  相似文献   
83.
西部地区中小城市普遍存在城市生活污水处理设施缺乏或不配套等问题,城镇生活污水严重污染环境,房地产项目环境影响评价应当把生活污水环境影响评价及污染防治措施作为最重要的内容。以曲靖市“曲靖瑞和新城”房地产开发项目为平台,探讨了这一重点。  相似文献   
84.
本文从地震速报工作的重要性入手,论述了提高地震速报质量的基础和关键,同时讨论了天津台网地震速报中存在影响速报质量的问题及改进措施。  相似文献   
85.
周侃  陈妤凡  徐勇  伍健雄 《环境科学学报》2021,41(10):3871-3881
重点生态功能区以保持并提高生态产品供给能力为主体功能定位,区内自然环境敏感性和脆弱性突出,研究其人类活动过程中的环境污染源排放特征与空间管控模式,对科学协调保护与利用、切实加强重点生态功能区环境保护和治理水平具有重要意义.以青藏高原重要生态安全屏障区藏东南为例,基于环境污染源的固体废弃物、水体污染物和大气污染物排放强度的分类估算与空间特征解析,探讨面向污染源排放强度和多尺度管控精度的分级空间管控方案.研究结果表明:藏东南环境污染源的排放强度整体较低,雅鲁藏布江和雅尼河谷地因人类生产生活活动密度较大,其污染物排放量显著高于其他区域;在重点生态功能区应建立由7个二级类和21个三级类构成的环境污染源空间管控体系,重点管控以城镇居住区和工矿业生产空间为主的"点状"胁迫、以交通运输场所和人文游憩空间为主的"线状"胁迫、以农业种植区和畜禽养殖区为主的"面状"胁迫;针对藏东南各类环境污染源的空间耦合及交互特征,提出城乡生活集聚型、农牧业生产集聚型和休闲旅游集聚型3种典型区,依次制定"分级处理+资源利用"、"源头减排+就地消纳"、"实时动态监控+绿色设施营造+游憩利用规范"的差异化空间管控模式.  相似文献   
86.
本文对科尔沁沙地生态环境特点、现状、生态环境恶化的主要原因及对经济、社会和环境产生的影响进行了评价,并提出了科尔沁沙地经济、社会可持续发展的对策及发展战略,为全面落实《全国生态保护纲要》提供依据。  相似文献   
87.
中国石化高度重视安全生产管理工作,始终把安全生产放在首要位置,但基层调研发现,油田企业安全生产管理依然存在薄弱环节。分析了油田企业安全生产现状,通过深化安全生产体系建设,推进双重预防机制,加大培训和重点工作安全生产监管,着力提升油田企业安全生产基础管理,建立油田企业安全生产管理长效机制,确保油田企业安全生产总体稳定。  相似文献   
88.
本文基于WRF-CMAQ模型定量分析了气象条件变化对PM2.5的影响.全国337个城市2018~2019秋冬季气象条件转差导致PM2.5平均浓度同比上升约5.55%.24个省市气象条件同比转差,北京气象转差致使PM2.5同比上升约3.66%.从重点区域来看,京津冀及周边“2+26”城市气象条件转差最显著,汾渭平原次之,长江三角洲(以下称长三角)基本持平,分别导致PM2.5浓度同比上升约9.4%、8.3%、1.1%.“2+26”城市和汾渭平原气象条件在11月、1月、2月转差,10月、3月气象条件转好.长三角则10月、11月、3月气象条件转差;12月、1月、2月转好.“2+26”城市2018~2019秋冬季PM2.5浓度同比上升主要为气象条件转差所致;汾渭平原PM2.5同比变化较小,人为减排有效抵消了气象条件转差带来的不利影响;长三角PM2.5浓度同比下降,与气象条件变幅小且污染排放较去年同期降低有关.  相似文献   
89.
Effects of New Forestry Practices on Rare Epiphytic Macrolichens   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Abstract:  The preservation of key habitats is included in modern forest-management practices as one of the main means to preserve biodiversity in northern European production forests. I examined the distribution patterns and persistence of occurrence of rare epiphytic macrolichens in a predominantly unprotected forest landscape with an area of 278 km2 in southern Finland. Occurrence data of macrolichens in two key habitats, rock outcrops and mires, were compared with data from production forests. The density of populations of rare macrolichens was 50-fold higher on rock outcrops and 25-fold higher on mires than in production forests. Most rare species of epiphytic macrolichens were found only in key habitats. In modern, intensively managed forest landscapes, rock outcrops appeared to represent the main habitats for rare macrolichens as a result of the long-term continuity of old trees. Most macrolichen occurrences represented very small populations with a high extinction risk. Of the populations found in 1989–1995 in key habitats, 51% had disappeared, by 2000–2001, mainly as a result of forestry activities. The disappearance of populations significantly exceeded the rate of establishment of new populations. My results emphasize the importance of key habitats for declining forest species. There is also a need to improve and sharpen the guidelines for delimiting and managing key habitats in order to halt the continued decline of epiphytic macrolichens.  相似文献   
90.
随着经济全球化、信息化和消费者的成熟,企业面临更为复杂和多变的竞争环境,企业核心竞争力是企业获得持续竞争优势的基础,如何保持持续核心竞争力成为企业成功的关键所在.本文从我国企业的实际情况出发,探讨企业如何提升核心竞争力,参与全球经济竞争。  相似文献   
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