中国电池生产用汞量调查分析及削减对策

在调查分析中国2004年含汞电池的种类及用汞情况的基础上,对该行业的总用汞量进行了估算,并与1995年和2000年的数据进行了对比,分析了用汞量的变化趋势及其主要影响因素,提出了中国用汞量削减的主要对策。结果表明,电池行业的总用汞量呈显著下降后逐年上升趋势,扣式碱锰电池是今后用汞量削减的关键;该变化趋势是国内外限汞政策和经济快速发展导致的电池产品需求量增加综合作用的结果;其削减应主要集中于强化对现有低汞或无汞化政策的执行力度,加快扣式碱锰电池和糊式锌锰电池的无汞化进程,应尽快建立汞生产和销售环节的监督管理机制,建立含汞废电池的回收管理机制。     

锂离子电池循环寿命测试探讨

分析了现有标准中的锂离子电池循环寿命测试方法,并针对现有方法测试周期过长的问题探讨了拟合曲线法、大电流加速法以及大电流拟合曲线法等可以缩短测试周期的全新测试方法。     

微波焙烧强化废锂离子电池中的金属回收研究

为进一步提高资源回收效率和降低能耗,围绕废锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属的资源回收问题,提出对废锂离子电池正极材料进行微波焙烧前处理以强化提高各有价金属的浸出效率.结果显示,在不同微波焙烧功率条件下均存在最优焙烧时间以获得最佳金属回收率.综合考虑工序、能耗、成本等因素,研究确定微波焙烧功率600W,焙烧时间6min为较优微波焙烧处理条件,以H₂SO₄+H₂O₂为浸出体系,固液比为20g/L,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为60min条件下,Li、Ni、Co、Mn的浸出率分别达96%、85%、76%、52%.微波焙烧对废锂离子电池正极材料中有价金属浸出效率的强化效应主要来源于以下三方面的共同作用：其一,金属颗粒在微波作用下放电产生瞬时高温;其二,在瞬时高温条件下部分金属发生还原反应转化为更易于浸出的化学形态;其三,包覆在物料颗粒表面的有机物得以高效去除,提高金属裸露程度.     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Sediment, Suspended Matter and Water Samples in the Upper Danube River. A pilot study in search for the causes for the decline of fish catches (12 pp)

Goals, Scope and Background Fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm, despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality since the 1970s. Similar problems have been reported for other rivers, e.g. in Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States and Canada. In order to assess if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catch at the upper Danube River, sediment, suspended matter and waste water samples from sewage treatment plants were collected at selected locations and analyzed in a bioanalytical approach using a battery of bioassays. The results of this pilot study will be used to decide if a comprehensive weight-of-evidence study is needed. Methods Freeze-dried sediments and suspended particulate matters were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus. Organic pollutants from sewage water were concentrated using XAD-resins. In order to investigate the ecotoxicological burden, the following bioassays were used: (1) neutral red assay with RTL-W1 cells (cytotoxicity), (2) comet assay with RTLW1 cells (genotoxicity), (3) Arthrobacter globiformis dehydrogenase assay (toxicity to bacteria), (4) yeast estrogen screen assay (endocrine disruption), (5) fish egg assay with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; embryo toxicity) and (6) Ames test with TA98 (mutagenicity). Results and Discussion The results of the in vitro tests elucidated a considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, bacteriotoxic, embryotoxic and estrogenic burden in the upper Danube River, although with a very inhomogeneous distribution of effects. The samples taken from Riedlingen, for example, induced low embryo toxicity, but the second highest 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (1.8 ng/L). Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, with clear-cut dose-response relationships for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that – at least for fish eggs – the bioavailability of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The effect observed most frequently in the fish egg assay was a developmental delay. A comparison of our own results with locations along the rivers Rhine and Neckar demonstrated similar or even higher ranges of ecotoxicological burdens in the Danube River. Conclusions The complex pattern of ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental samples from the Danube River, when assessed in an in vitro biotest battery using both acute and more specific endpoints, showed that integration of different endpoints is essential for appropriate hazard assessment. Overall, the ecotoxicological hazard potential shown has indeed to be considered as one potential reason for the decline in fish catches at the upper Danube River. However, based on the results of this pilot study, it is not possible to elucidate that chemically induced alterations are responsible for the fish decline. Recommendations and Perspective . In order to confirm the ecological relevance of the in vitro results for the situation in the field and especially for the decline of the grayling and other fishes, further integrated investigations are required. For linking the weight of evidence obtained by in vitro assays and fish population investigations, the application of additional, more specific biomarkers (e.g. vitellogenin induction, EROD and micronucleus assay) has been initiated in fish taken from the field as well as in situ investigations.     

Recycling of spent lead/acid batteries: the case of Greece

In this study, the application of modern recycling technologies in accordance with the European and Greek legislation, aiming at the recovery of lead, polypropylene and sulfuric acid from spent lead (Pb)/acid batteries, is presented. The present state of their disposal and exploitation is also depicted. The international situation is reviewed, the general trends are marked and the main technologies related to lead/acid battery treatment are reported. General recommendations are given regarding the collection of spent batteries and the installation of a recycling plant in Greece. A sensitivity analysis is carried out in order to define the most significant parameters affecting the viability of a recycling scheme. The present study proves that a possible installation of a Pb/acid batteries recycling process unit, treating 17 000 t/year (estimated total quantity) and situated in the industrial area of the greater Athens region, seems to be economically profitable. The already existing operation of small-scale battery recycling plants, common in small countries, should be discouraged as they demonstrate a rather not environmentally acceptable recycling operation.     

车用锂离子电池组冷却系统传热仿真分析

目的 解决电动汽车锂离子电池组在高温下的安全性和热失控问题.方法 建立锂离子电池组冷却系统的三维分析模型,应用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法 ,结合热传导和热对流理论,对电池组进行仿真分析.结果 锂离子电池组的温度场分布基本相同,呈现出中间低、两侧高的分布特点,且...     

基于PNGV模型的锂离子电池荷电状态估计

目的 提升不同老化情况下的锂离子电池荷电状态(SOC)估计精度。方法 基于PNGV模型(Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles)，对锂离子电池SOC进行估计。首先通过双线性变换对PNGV模型进行离散化，采用带有遗忘因子的递归最小二乘法(FFRLS)，对电池模型参数进行在线辨识，利用卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法进行SOC估计，并通过动态工况验证SOC估计精度。结果 以多种误差指标考察不同循环下的试验数据，在不同电池老化状态下具有较好的预测精度。相比基于Thevenin模型的算法，基于PNGV模型的算法可以将SOC平均绝对误差减少约60%，同时也可以将SOC估计最大绝对误差波动范围降低53.8%。结论 本算法引入PNGV模型后，解决了基于Thevenin模型算法误差大、不稳定的问题，提升了动力电池系统在不同老化环境下的适应性。     

不同诱发条件下NCM三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性

目的 研究不同诱发条件下三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性，科学认识海洋工程和装备领域储能电池的安全性，为海洋工程的消防安全设计提供理论依据。方法 模拟三元锂离子电池机械滥用和热滥用场景，分别用针刺和加热方式触发锂电池热失控，对不同带电状态(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%SOC值)的锂离子电池热失控过程中温度、电压、质量损失进行测量，对热失控后的电池进行拆解，并分析极片残余物的宏观和微观变化特征。结果 随着电池SOC值的增加，热失控反应强度增加，电池表面最高温度、温升速率和质量损失率均增大。针刺和加热触发电池热失控后极卷形态变化特征不同，分别呈“贝壳”和“月牙”形状。极片残余物的热重分析表明，50%SOC值和100%SOC值电池在针刺和加热后，极片残余物氧化分解后的质量损失比例分别为36.73%、18.75%和38.28%、30.38%。结论 三元锂离子电池的热失控行为随电池SOC值和诱发条件的改变而变化，高SOC值时，电池热失控反应更剧烈。一定条件下，针刺比加热更易触发电池热失控，而加热触发的热失控反应速率更快。热失控后的极卷形状变化和残余物热重分析可为火灾原因调查提供证据。