Kinship, familiarity and social status modulate social learning about “micropredators” (biting flies) in deer mice

Animals can learn to recognize and respond to dangerous, threatening factors through either individual or social learning, whereby an individual learns and acquires the defensive behaviors and avoidance responses of another. Here we show that kinship, familiarity, and relative dominance of the interacting individuals affect social learning of defensive responses to micropredators in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Brief exposure of individual male deer mice to biting flies (stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans) induced a decrease in pain sensitivity, or analgesia, and active self-burying avoidance responses. The defensive analgesic responses and their fear/anxiety/stress associated correlates facilitate the display of behavioral avoidance responses. Preparatory analgesia and avoidance responses were evident 1–3 days later when the mice were exposed to biting flies that were altered to be incapable of biting but were not displayed to similar-sized non-biting house flies. These anticipatory avoidance and analgesic responses to biting flies were also acquired through social learning—without direct individual aversive experience with biting flies. Fly-naive mice (observers) that witnessed other mice (demonstrators) being attacked by biting flies but themselves were not bitten did not display any avoidance responses. However, when exposed 1–3 days later to altered flies with biting mouth parts removed, the observers displayed socially acquired analgesic and self-burying avoidance responses. Observers whose demonstrators were either kin (siblings) and, or members of a familiar pair (kin or non-kin) displayed enhanced social learning of defensive responses. Also, within the familiar pairs, social status affected learning with subordinate observers displaying better social learning than dominant observers. These findings indicate that kinship, familiarity and social status modulate social learning of defensive responses to, and the recognition of, dangerous and threatening stimuli, likely including that of predators.Communicated by G. Wilkinson     

Propagation of olfactory information within the honeybee hive

Transfer of information about food source characteristics within insect societies is essential to colony-foraging success. The food odor communicated within honeybee hives has been shown to be important for food source exploitation. When successful foragers return to the nest and transfer the collected nectar to hive mates through mouth-to-mouth contacts (trophallaxis), potential recruits receiving these samples learn the food odor by associative learning. The food then becomes rapidly distributed among colony members, which is mainly a consequence of the numerous trophallaxes between hive-mates of all ages during food processing. We tested whether the distribution of food among hive mates causes a propagation of olfactory information within the hive. Using the proboscis extension response paradigm, we show that large proportions of bees of the age groups representing the main worker castes, 4 to 9-day-old bees (nurse-aged bees), 12 to 16-day-old bees (food processor-aged bees), and actual foragers (about 17+ day old bees) associatively learn the food odor in the course of processing food that has been collected by only a few foragers. Results further suggest that the information is shared more or less equally between bees of the three age groups. This shows that olfactory information about the flower species exploited by foragers is distributed within the entire colony and is acquired by bees of all age groups, which may influence many behaviors inside and outside the hive.     

关于太钢高温作业行车的冷风机延长使用寿命的探讨

为延长高温作业行车冷风机的使用寿命,节省投资,分析了产品自身、设备选型、使用、维修等多方面影响产品寿命的原因。并提出了相应的管理措施。     

一起桥式起重机伤亡事故的原因及预防措施

本文介绍了一起桥式起重机伤亡事故的经过、发生事故的原因,认为是设备存在严重隐患和管理不完善。提出了预防起重机械事故的措施。     

某铁矿胶带运输机移动卸料车的除尘系统

针对该矿胶带运输机移动卸料车定点卸料的作业特点,采用随卸料车移动的抽风罩、水平式风管接口装置及湿式除尘机组,构成简捷的除尘系统,有效地解决了卸料车作业时产生的粉尘污染问题。     

基于机器学习的电热防除冰表面温度变化趋势预测

针对飞机部件周期控制律电加热防除冰的应用,提出基于机器学习以预测电加热防除冰表面温度的变化趋势.依靠大型结冰风洞及其电加热防除冰控制系统完成防除冰试验,获得有效的试验数据,以通、断电周期为分割单元,将试验数据划分成验证集和训练集.根据电热防除冰过程的换热情况,构建样本的特征参数,利用机器学习的有监督学习方式,选择KNN近邻回归算法和局部线性加权回归算法预测温度变化率,再转换为温度,得到的温度变化与测量数据的线性相关性达到80％以上的高相似度结果,表明使用机器学习可快速预测电热防除冰部件的表面温度变化趋势,且不同的回归算法针对模型不同测温点位置的预测效果存在差异.     

制氧机组噪声综合治理技术

冶金行业制氧机组噪声呈中低频特性，其声源诊断甚为困难，本文以河北省某钢铁集团公司为例，对制氧机组噪声及振动机理和特性进行了探讨。     

用于粉煤灰排放的加湿卸灰设备

针对粉煤灰排放产生二次污染问题，经过分析比较，选用了科学的加湿排放工作原理，设计了用于粉煤灰排放的新型灰料加湿卸灰机。     

基于机器学习和卫星遥感的PM2.5/10 空间连续分布反演方法研究

在过去的几十年里,快速的经济发展以及工业化、城镇化进程加速使得中国的资源环境承担的压力不断加大。作为影响空气质量的首要污染物,PM_2.5和PM₁₀（记为PM_2.5/10）直接影响着广大人民群众的身体健康。因此,针对PM_2.5/10浓度进行遥感反演研究,对环境监测和控制改善全国空气环境质量具有重要的意义。近些年来,随着对近地面PM_2.5/10浓度研究的不断深入,基于遥感影像数据进行PM_2.5/10浓度的反演方法也日益增多。本文利用Google Earth engine（GEE）平台获取了海量的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像数据,并结合气象信息、空间特征等参数,采用机器学习中常用的多层映射反向传播神经网络构建了波段反射率与PM_2.5/10浓度之间的反演模型,以获得PM_2.5/10在研究区域的连续分布。为了提高基础PM_2.5/10反演模型的反演精度,还从影响因素和前溯时间两个维度出发,探寻了模型的最优化输入参数组合,并最终实现了对PM_2.5/10浓度的精准反演。以北京市地区为例,模型的PM_2.5和PM₁₀的反演精度R²分别达到0.814和0.796,均方根误差RMSE分别为19.21 μg?m^?3和28.31 μg?m^?3。鉴于该反演结果具有较高的准确性和可靠性,本文所建立的方法模型为研究PM_2.5/10在空间上的连续分布特征提供了新的思路和方法,具有较为重要的科研意义与广泛的应用价值。     

邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯对小鼠学习记忆的影响

为研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP）对小鼠学习和记忆能力的影响,以白藜芦醇（Res）作为保护剂,将42只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为6组,每组7只,分别为：生理盐水组、1.5,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP组、20mg/（kg·d） Res组、150mg/（kg·d） DIDP+20mg/（kg·d） Res组.连续灌胃染毒9d,期间同时进行Morris水迷宫实验.第10d将小鼠处死,取出脑组织,检测活性氧簇（ROS）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）的含量.并对小鼠海马体切片进行H&E染色,观察病理变化.结果显示,15,150mg/（kg·d） DIDP染毒可导致小鼠的学习和记忆能力显著低于对照组,同时可诱发脑组织产生氧化应激,并促进炎症因子释放,而Res能有效减弱脑组织氧化应激水平.由上可得,DIDP致小鼠学习和记忆能力下降可能与其引起的脑组织中海马体的氧化损伤有关,同时Res可能通过降低DIDP引起的氧化应激进而减轻其对小鼠造成的学习记忆损伤.