水库水深变化对不同浮游微生物群落及网络互作关键种的影响

为揭示水库水深变化对不同浮游微生物类群多样性及生态网络的影响,于2021年在横山水库采集表层及深层水样,利用16S和18S rDNA分子标记进行高通量测序,探究水深变化对不同微生物类群群落结构、种间互作网络和关键种的影响机制.结果发现,横山水库表层(0.5 m)和深层(5 m)中细菌群落多样性(Richness、 Simpson、 Shannon和Pielou’s Evenness指数)均高于真核微生物群落.细菌群落在不同水深处的主要优势物种为变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门,其相对丰度在门水平上无明显差异;真核微生物群落在不同水深处群落组成基本相同,但其相对丰度差异较大,包括节肢动物门、纤毛门和淡色藻门等.此外,表层水体微生物网络的图密度、平均聚类系数等均高于深层,表明表层微生物物种间具有较强的关联性,能够较好地传递物质、能量和信息,且对外界变化的响应速度更快;细菌群落分子生态网络节点和边的数量、关键物种数目和种类均高于真核微生物群落,表明细菌群落网络规模更大,种间协同合作关系和网络连通性更强.不同水深处的细菌群落和真核微生物群落间相互作用皆以正相关为主导,两个类群在水库深层的负相关性均...     

外源碳和氮输入对降水变化下土壤呼吸的短期影响

利用野外原位小区控制试验,模拟研究了降水变化下草地生态系统土壤呼吸对外源碳和氮输入的响应.在2014年,以内蒙古锡林河流域温带典型草原为研究对象,测定了增加降水处理（CK）、增加降水配施氮肥处理[CN,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1]、增加降水配施碳源处理[CG,24 g·（m²·a）^-1]和增加降水配施氮肥和碳源处理[CNG,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1+24 g·（m²·a）^-1]下土壤呼吸的变化,并分析了土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）之间的关系.结果表明,在自然降水较多的第一次增加降水（FWE）阶段,CG处理和CNG处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著增加,而CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量无显著变化,并且CG处理和CNG处理土壤MBC含量显著高于CK处理和CN处理,同时,该阶段平均CO₂释放速率与土壤MBC含量正相关（P<0.05）.与FWE阶段相比,无自然降水的第二次增加降水（SWE）阶段各处理168 h土壤CO₂累积释放量显著降低,并且各处理MBC含量也显著降低（P<0.05）,仅有土壤DOC含量显著增加（P<0.05）,CG处理和CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著降低（P<0.05）.两个降水阶段土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度或土壤体积含水量均有显著的正相关性（P<0.05）.因此,自然降水的分布对土壤水分的影响调控着外源氮和碳对半干旱草地生态系统土壤呼吸的作用效应.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

牛粪生物堆肥有机酸变化及对腐熟度的影响

利用外源微生物(发酵菌,EM)进行牛粪工厂化堆肥,堆肥期间,分析了小分子有机酸及大分子腐殖酸动态变化。结果表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥前期小分子有机酸含量,在堆肥后期又呈明显降低的趋势;腐殖酸呈先降低而后趋于稳定的趋势,胡敏酸呈先降低而后增加的趋势,富里酸呈一直下降的趋势。对堆肥过程中有机酸、腐殖化指数分析表明,接种外源微生物可明显提高堆肥的腐熟度,但与微生物添加量有关。     

生物法净化气态污染的系统研究

废气生物净化技术具有传统净化方法不可比拟的优越性和安全性 ,从微生物的驯化培养、环境及营养条件的优化、填料介质的选择、理论模式的发展和净化设备的开发等方面讨论了生物法在大气污染控制中的应用研究情况     

Performance and microbial community analysis of bioaugmented activated sludge for nitrogen-containing organic pollutants removal

Nitrogen-containing organic pollutants (quinoline, pyridine and indole) are widely distributed in coking wastewater, and bioaugmentation with specific microorganisms may enhance the removal of these recalcitrant pollutants. The bioaugmented system (group B) was constructed through inoculation of two aromatics-degrading bacteria, Comamonas sp. Z1 (quinoline degrader) and Acinetobacter sp. JW (indole degrader), into the activated sludge for treatment of quinoline, indole and pyridine, and the non-bioaugmented activated sludge was used as the control (group C). Both groups maintained high efficiencies (> 94%) for removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants and chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the long-term operation, and group B was highly effective at the starting period and the operation stage fed with raw wastewater. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that nitrogen-containing organic pollutants could shape the microbial community structure, and communities of bioaugmented group B were clearly separated from those of non-bioaugmented group C as observed in non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot. Although the inoculants did not remain their dominance in group B, bioaugmentation could induce the formation of effective microbial community, and the indigenous microbes might play the key role in removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, including Dokdonella, Comamonas and Pseudoxanthomonas. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis suggested that bioaugmentation could facilitate the enrichment of functional genes related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, probably leading to the improved performance in group B. This study indicated that bioaugmentation could promote the removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, which should be an effective strategy for wastewater treatment.     

集约化柑橘种植抑制土壤磷循环微生物活性

微生物是调节土壤磷循环的关键驱动力.阐明土壤解磷菌的微生物矿化过程对于提高植物养分吸收率和作物产量具有重要意义.通过测定柑橘园与毗邻的自然林地土壤编码碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）丰度、解磷细菌群落多样性和土壤无机磷组分,探究柑橘种植对土壤微生物获取磷策略的影响机制.结果表明,柑橘种植导致土壤pH下降,土壤有效磷累积,ω（有效磷）平均值高达112 mg·kg^-1,显著高于毗邻的自然林地（3.7 mg·kg^-1）.柑橘种植也会影响土壤磷素组成,柑橘土壤含有较高的可溶态磷（CaCl₂-P）、柠檬酸提取态磷（Citrate-P）和矿物结合态磷（HCl-P）.自然林地土壤各磷组分均显著低于柑橘土壤,而phoD基因丰度和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于柑橘土壤.高通量测序结果表明,柑橘土壤解磷细菌Shannon指数（4.61）显著低于自然林地（5.35）,群落结构也有别于自然林地.柑橘种植改变了土壤解磷菌的群落组成,自然林地变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于柑橘土壤.土壤有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,表明土壤高磷累积抑制土壤解磷细菌的活性.柑橘种植改变了土壤微生物对磷的获取策略,在柑橘园中,土壤微生物主要依赖外源磷,而自然林地土壤微生物主要以微生物分泌碱性磷酸酶矿化有机磷来获取磷的方式满足其生长需求.     

痕量金属缺乏症引起的污泥丝状菌膨胀及其控制

本文在简要描述活性污泥处理过程中有机物降解及微生物增长对营养的需求的基础上,对由痕量金属缺乏症引起的污泥丝状菌膨胀问题进行了分析,说明了在处理过程中生长速率缓慢的丝状菌大量繁殖,而生长速率快速的絮凝微生物受到抑制的原因。本文还介绍了用补充痕量金属的方法成功地控制丝状性污泥膨胀的几个实例。     

人工富集微生物技术对太湖梅梁湾水源地氮磷的去除研究

采用2种载体(PM和ACP)进行人工富集微生物的方法,来去除太湖梅梁湾水源地水中的氮磷污染物。通过研究不同的载体密度和水力停留时间对去除效率的影响,中试结果表明:当载体密度为13.1%,停留时间为7d,源水中ρ(TN)为2.95～6.41mg·L-1,ρ(NH4 -N)为0.49～3.31mg·L-1,ρ(NO2--N)为0.07～0.51mg·L-1,ρ(TP)为0.084￣0.25mg·L-1,ρ(PO4--P)为0.005～0.059mg·L-1的条件下,人工富集微生物技术对TN,NH4 -N,NO2--N,TP,PO4--P的平均去除率最高分别达到22.68%,57.08%,88.83%,45.36%,29.58%,可见利用人工富集微生物技术能有效去除水源地中的氮磷营养盐,对富营养化水源地水体的水质有明显的改善作用。     

重金属镉污染土壤的微生物影响研究进展

镉污染严重影响了土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤基础呼吸、土壤酶活性以及种群结构,破坏了土壤微生物的正常组成区系,抑制了土壤微生物代谢功能,降低了土壤微生物活性,造成土壤重金属污染,威胁到人类生活健康。近二十年来,研究土壤微生物与土壤重金属污染之间的关系已成为国内外环境科学领域的一个热点,而镉污染对土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性、群落结构影响研究也已取得一定进展,可为镉污染土壤微生物修复技术提供理论依据。