晚清时期湖北自然灾害的治理及其经验教训

针对湖北独特的地理水文环境和历史时期湖北自然灾害发生的情况来具体地考察晚清时期湖北治理自然灾害的情况及对现今湖北治理灾害存在的借鉴要素。利用地方志等文献资料，从历史的角度着手，运用历史学、地理学、灾害学等理论来综合研究晚清时期湖北各种自然灾害发生的类型、特点、破坏湖北社会经济发展的情况以及清政府所采取的治理灾害措施等。晚清政府虽然针对境内自然灾害发生的特点采取了许多措施，但因受多种因素的制约没有取得预期效果，但为现今治理湖北的自然灾害提供了治理自然灾害必须在稳定的社会环境中科学规划部署，有系统地进行；要建立赈济结合的有效机制；加强生态环境建设等经验教训。     

Virtual Garden Computer Program for use in Exploring the Elements of Biodiversity People Want in Cities

Urban ecology is emerging as an integrative science that explores the interactions of people and biodiversity in cities. Interdisciplinary research requires the creation of new tools that allow the investigation of relations between people and biodiversity. It has been established that access to green spaces or nature benefits city dwellers, but the role of species diversity in providing psychological benefits remains poorly studied. We developed a user‐friendly 3‐dimensional computer program (Virtual Garden [ www.tinyurl.com/3DVirtualGarden ]) that allows people to design their own public or private green spaces with 95 biotic and abiotic features. Virtual Garden allows researchers to explore what elements of biodiversity people would like to have in their nearby green spaces while accounting for other functions that people value in urban green spaces. In 2011, 732 participants used our Virtual Garden program to design their ideal small public garden. On average gardens contained 5 different animals, 8 flowers, and 5 woody plant species. Although the mathematical distribution of flower and woody plant richness (i.e., number of species per garden) appeared to be similar to what would be expected by random selection of features, 30% of participants did not place any animal species in their gardens. Among those who placed animals in their gardens, 94% selected colorful species (e.g., ladybug [Coccinella septempunctata], Great Tit [Parus major], and goldfish), 53% selected herptiles or large mammals, and 67% selected non‐native species. Older participants with a higher level of education and participants with a greater concern for nature designed gardens with relatively higher species richness and more native species. If cities are to be planned for the mutual benefit of people and biodiversity and to provide people meaningful experiences with urban nature, it is important to investigate people's relations with biodiversity further. Virtual Garden offers a standardized tool with which to explore these relations in different environments, cultures, and countries. It can also be used by stakeholders (e.g., city planners) to consider people's opinions of local design. Programa de Computadora de Jardín Virtual para Uso en la Exploración de los Elementos de Biodiversidad que la Gente Desea en las Ciudades     

论近代安徽自然灾害的特征

安徽属东亚显著季风气候区、暖温带与亚热带的过渡地带,冷暖气团活动频繁,气候年际变动较大;地势西南高,东北低,地形多种多样。正是由于这些因素,使得安徽自然灾害种类繁多;发生频繁;具有明显的季节性;具有很强的地域性等特点。认识掌握这些特点,对安徽省的防灾减灾工作具有重要的现实意义。     

基于3S技术的震害快速评估

地震是人类面临的重大自然灾害之一，破坏性地震发生后，对震害的快速评估有利于政府及有关部门对灾情迅速做出应急反应，实施救援。地理信息系统（GIS）、遥感（RS）和全球定位系统（GPS）合称为3S技术。随着计算机技术和地球空间科学的发展。3S技术已逐渐应用于防灾减灾领域。探讨了应用3S技术替代传统的经验性估计决速评估震害的技术路线、方法和前景。首先，归纳了目前防震减灾信息及辅助决策系统建设取得的成绩和存在的问题。通过两个破坏性地震的震害实例，说明了应用基于GIS的系统快速评估震害的可能性和有待重点解决的问题。然后。通过新疆一次地震的遥感图像的变化检测，展示了震害快速评估中借助遥感数字图像处理技术的前景。在上述综合分析的基础上，讨论了三者结合的重要性、潜在功能和优点。     

瞭望员安全报火方法研究

通过多年的研究,总结了瞭望员安全报火的方法,即目测法、交叉法、航点法.文中对上述方法进行了说明、比较、分析,提出了上述方法各自的方式、适用范围及优缺点,并对三种方法进行了比较,提出了进行安全报火的基本条件,实践证明,采用上述方法进行报火达到了安全防火的目的.     

Conservation or Preservation? A Qualitative Study of the Conceptual Foundations of Natural Resource Management

Few disputes in the annals of US environmentalism enjoy the pedigree of the conservation-preservation debate. Yet, although many scholars have written extensively on the meaning and history of conservation and preservation in American environmental thought and practice, the resonance of these concepts outside the academic literature has not been sufficiently examined. Given the significance of the ideals of conservation and preservation in the justification of environmental policy and management, however, we believe that a more detailed analysis of the real-world use and understanding of these ideas is needed. In this paper, we describe the results of a qualitative, semantic study of the concepts of conservation and preservation undertaken in the context of the Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF), located in northern Georgia (USA). Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with scientists and north Georgia residents either interested or involved in the future management of the forest. Respondents were asked to define conservation and preservation in their own words and to indicate which approach they felt was more appropriate for the management of the CNF. Qualitative content analysis was used to elicit a set of recurring themes for each foundational concept. Taken together, these themes help to flesh out the meaning of conservation and preservation for citizens and scientists today, and illustrate the evolving nature of two of the more significant and venerable ideas animating US environmental policy and management.     

改性木屑吸附剂对印染废水的脱色性能研究

本文介绍了以廉价易得的杨树木屑为原料，经环氧氯丙烷交联，制备的一种新的生物吸附剂，研究各种反应因素（氢氧化钠浓度、环氧氯丙烷用量、反应温度、木屑粒径等）对反应过程和吸附剂性能的影响，检验了其对品红及孔雀石绿在不同条件下的吸附性能，并探讨了它的吸附动力学曲线和再生性能。     

实现道路交通安全的营运车辆监控系统框架研究

当前营运车辆监管中,交通管理部门、运输企业和司乘人员3方没有直接的信息通道,导致监管不到位,影响道路交通安全。笔者探讨了营运车辆监控的信息传输通道;以GPS、无线通信技术和互联网为基础,设计了营运车辆监控的技术框架,实现了联系3方的信息传输通道;分析框架实现的关键技术,包括道路限速数据库,车辆超速、疲劳驾驶、超载等违法行为的判定模式等;以广东省营运车辆监控系统为例,验证了框架的可行性。该技术框架使司乘人员的交通违法行为被及时警告和提醒,交通管理部门可以及时制止交通违法行为,可以主动预防交通事故,提高道路交通安全水平。     

秦岭保护区群生物多样性及其保护与发展研究

根据秦岭保护区群的生物多样性和保护管理现状 ,提出了加强保护区群生物多样性保护和促进保护区发展的对策 ,其主要措施为 :一、合理划分和调整功能区 ;二、强化内部管理 ,加强对自然资源的巡护、监测 ;三、协调周边社区关系 ,积极开展社区共管工作 ;四、加强对外合作 ,积极开展科学研究 ;五、开展环境教育 ,提高全民保护意识 ;六、开展资源适度开发利用 ,增强自养能力。     

循环经济的范式研究

发展循环经济是落实科学发展观、实现经济增长方式根本性转变的重要途径。借鉴“范式”理论探讨和研究了循环经济范式替代末端治理范式的变革：①自然资源的价值得到重估。循环经济范式中将自然资源列为最重要的资源形式。认为它是人类社会最大的资源储备，提高资源生产率是解决环境问题的关键。②不同生态伦理得到整合、提升。循环经济的生态伦理基础强调“生态价值”的全面回归．主张在生产领域和消费领域向生态化转向，承认“生态位”的存在和尊重自然权利。它既包含了现代人类中心主义、生命中心主义和生态中心主义兰种生态伦理追求人类道德完善的合理成分。又补充了各自其不完善的方面o③生态阈值的研究得到深化。循环经济范式的基本前提之一是认为生态阈值是客观存在的。强调在生态阈值的范围内合理利用自然资源．从原来的仅对人力生产率的重视转向在根本上提高资源生产率。在尊重自然的基础上切实有力地保护生态系统的自组织能力。实现经济发展和环境保护的目的。④深层生态学的研究得到加强。循环经济范式是一种深层生态学。符合天人调谐的理念。它不仅强调技术进步．而且将制度、体制、管理、文化等因素通盘考虑，注重观念创新和生产、消费方式的变革．树立了人与自然和谐发展的价值观念。