Occurrence of Primidone,Carbamazepine, Caffeine,and Precursors for N‐Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water Sources Impacted by Wastewater1

Abstract: Wastewater impact on drinking water sources was assessed using several approaches, including analysis of three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) – primidone, carbamazepine, and caffeine – as indicators, and determination of precursor concentrations for the disinfection byproduct N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using formation potential (FP) tests. Samples were collected in 2006 and 2007 in rivers impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes upstream or downstream from these discharges, and from two WWTP effluents in two watersheds. The levels [10th percentile ? maximum (median)] of primidone, carbamazepine, caffeine, and NDMAFP were 2‐95 (7) ng/l, 2‐207 (18) ng/l, 7‐687 (78) ng/l, and 12‐321 (35) ng/l, respectively. The highest concentrations of primidone, carbamazepine, and NDMA precursors were from one of the WWTP effluents, whereas the highest concentration of caffeine was detected in a river heavily impacted by treated wastewater discharges. The lowest concentrations of the three PPCPs were from a DWTP influent upstream of a metropolitan urban area with minimum wastewater impact. Temporal variations in PPCP and NDMAFP concentrations and streamflows in two selected watersheds were also observed. Furthermore, correlation analysis between caffeine or carbamazepine and primidone was evaluated. The results show that measurement of the two pharmaceuticals and NDMAFP tests can be used to evaluate wastewater impact in different watersheds, whereas caffeine results were more variable.     

A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity

Considerable research has been conducted examining occurrence and effects of human use pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment; however, relatively little research has been conducted examining personal care products although they are found more often and in higher concentrations than pharmaceuticals. Personal care products are continually released into the aquatic environment and are biologically active and persistent. This article examines the acute and chronic toxicity data available for personal care products and highlights areas of concern. Toxicity and environmental data were synergized to develop a preliminary hazard assessment in which only triclosan and triclocarban presented any hazard. However, numerous PCPs including triclosan, paraben preservatives, and UV filters have evidence suggesting endocrine effects in aquatic organisms and thus need to be investigated and incorporated in definitive risk assessments. Additional data pertaining to environmental concentrations of UV filters and parabens, in vivo toxicity data for parabens, and potential for bioaccumulation of PCPs needs to obtained to develop definitive aquatic risk assessments.     

Using phytoremediation technologies to upgrade waste water treatment in Europe

Goal, Scope and Background One of the burning problems of our industrial society is the high consumption of water and the high demand for clean drinking water. Numerous approaches have been taken to reduce water consumption, but in the long run it seems only possible to recycle waste water into high quality water. It seems timely to discuss alternative water remediation technologies that are fit for industrial as well as less developed countries to ensure a high quality of drinking water throughout Europe. Main Features The present paper discusses a range of phytoremediation technologies to be applied in a modular approach to integrate and improve the performance of existing wastewater treatment, especially towards the emerging micro pollutants, i.e. organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. This topic is of global relevance for the EU. Results Existing technologies for waste water treatment do not sufficiently address increasing pollution situation, especially with the growing use of organic pollutants in the private household and health sector. Although some crude chemical approaches exist, such as advanced oxidation steps, most waste water treatment plants will not be able to adopt them. The same is true for membrane technologies. Discussion Incredible progress has been made during recent years, thus providing us with membranes of longevity and stability and, at the same time, high filtration capacity. However, these systems are expensive and delicate in operation, so that the majority of communities will not be able to afford them. Combinations of different phytoremediation technologies seem to be most promising to solve this burning problem. Conclusions To quantify the occurrence and the distribution of micropollutants, to evaluate their effects, and to prevent them from passing through wastewater collection and treatment systems into rivers, lakes and ground water bodies represents an urgent task for applied environmental sciences in the coming years. Recommendations Public acceptance of green technologies is generally higher than that of industrial processes. The EU should stimulate research to upgrade existing waste water treatment by implementing phytoremediation modules and demonstrating their reliability to the public.     

Male-male competition ensures honest signaling of male parental ability in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

The importance of socially imposed costs for the evolution and maintenance of honest sexual signals has received less attention than other costs. Here I show that male-male competition can increase the honesty of sexual signaling in relation to male parental ability in a species with flexible signaling. When four three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) males were allowed to court a female first separately and then in competition, red nuptial coloration under competition reflected male parental ability more accurately than red coloration when separated. Parental ability was determined as the ability of the male to raise a clutch of eggs to the hatching stage under interaction with other breeding and non-breeding males. The increased honesty under competition was probably due to subordinate males of poor parental ability decreasing their color expression under interaction to reduce the risk of fights with superior males. However, socially imposed costs of signaling were probably not the main factors maintaining honest signaling, as red coloration reflected male parental ability also in the absence of competition, although less accurately. Nevertheless, the small-scale differences that male-male competition induced can significantly facilitate adaptive female choice and have large impacts on sexual selection. Received: 7 July 2000 / Revised: 31 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

Testosterone and the allocation of reproductive effort in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Testosterone has been proposed to serve as the mediator that controls the relative effort that an individual male bird will devote to mating effort versus parental effort. Here, we demonstrate a testosterone-influenced trade-off between parental and mating efforts in male house finches. Male house finches with experimentally elevated testosterone fed nestlings at a significantly lower rate, but sang at a higher rate than males without manipulated testosterone levels. Females mated to testosterone-implanted males fed nestlings at a significantly higher rate than females mated to males without testosterone implants, resulting in similar feeding rates for both treated and untreated pairs. The effects of testosterone on male house finches, however, were not as dramatic as the effects of testosterone observed in some other socially monogamous species of birds. Because extra-pair copulations are uncommon in house finches and males provide substantial amounts of parental care, these more modest effects may be due to differences in how the allocation of reproductive effort affects the costs and benefits of different reproductive behaviors. Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 17 July 2000     

Apparent resource competition among embryos in the brood pouch of a male pipefish

Embryo success was studied in the paternally brooding pipefish Syngnathus typhle. During brooding, which lasts about a month, males provide embryos in their brood pouch with nutrients and oxygen via a placenta-like structure. Egg size depends on female size. In aquaria, males were mated with differently sized females to give the following treatments: M, mixed-egg-size broods of approximately half large and half small eggs; L, single-egg-size broods of large eggs; S, single-egg-size broods of small eggs; and F, field mated males. All males were kept in aquaria for a full brooding period. For each egg-size category, the number of newborn was compared with the number of eggs the male initially fertilized in his brood pouch. Within mixed-egg-size broods, a higher proportion of large eggs survived and large eggs resulted in heavier newborn than small eggs. Indeed, small eggs from a mixed-egg-size brood had significantly lower relative success (proportion of embryos surviving to birth) than those from a brood entirely composed of small eggs. The implication is that embryos compete for resources within the brood pouch, and that competitive success depends on egg size. Given that females produce eggs corresponding in size to their body size, and that females are known to compete indirectly for access to mates (i.e., the sex-roles are reversed), this intrabrood competition could be seen as an extension of female-female competition, but alternative explanations are discussed. Received: 28 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 28 October 1995     

典型药物及个人护理品在黄东海海域水体中的检测、分布规律及其风险评估

目前对沿海地区存在的药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的了解十分有限,建立能同时精确检测海水样品中多种PPCPs的方法至关重要.本研究选取非甾体类消炎药、抗生素、脂质调节剂和兴奋剂等类别的9种PPCPs作为检测对象,建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法(SPE-HPLC-MS),确定了固相萃取柱的填料、洗脱液组成及用量等最佳实验条件.结果表明,萃取柱为CNW HLB,洗脱液为甲醇∶乙腈(1∶1,体积比),洗脱液体积为6 m L,水样pH为7,流速为5 m L·min~(-1),螯合剂EDTA-Na_2添加量为1 g,且浓缩倍数为500倍时,萃取效果最佳.9种PPCPs的线性回归方程均具有良好线性,相关性系数均大于0. 999,回收率在82%～106%之间,相对标准偏差在1. 6%～14%之间,检出限在0. 01～2 ng·L~(-1)之间,满足海水中痕量分析的要求.于2018年夏季对黄东海表层水体中PPCPs的分布特性、来源和分布规律进行研究.9种PPCPs均被检出,主要污染物是NAP、IBU、GEM、CAF和ASA.在空间分布上,PPCPs浓度整体呈现河口近岸高,远海海域较低的趋势,黄海海域中PPCPs浓度高于东海,这与黄海海域污染源多、其水交换能力与东海相比较弱有关.主成分分析结果显示,表层海水中的PPCPs浓度与盐度和pH之间具有负相关性,与叶绿素a具有一定正相关性,表明PPCPs的主要来源为陆源输入.运用风险熵值法对该海域的PPCPs进行环境风险评估,9种PPCPs的RQ均小于1,其中IBU和NAP的RQ大于0. 1,可能对该海域产生中度风险危害,其余PPCPs的RQ均小于0. 1,表明其目前对黄海及东海海域基本没有危害.     

宁夏第三排水沟中药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染特征与生态风险评估

为了探究宁夏第三排水沟中药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）的污染特征与潜在生态风险,采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法对第三排水沟中14种PPCPs进行检测分析.结果表明,14种PPCPs在第三排水沟和汇入水样中均有所检出,总浓度范围分别为117.74~1947.64 ng·L^-1和63.94~4509.39 ng·L^-1.排水沟中吉非罗齐（GEM）、咖啡因（CAF）、阿伏苯宗（BM-DBM）、二苯甲酮-3（BP-3）、3-（4-甲基苯亚甲基）-樟脑（4-MBC）和避蚊胺（DEET）的检出率均达到100%.药物中检出浓度最高的是GEM （7.78~721.84 ng·L^-1）,其次是CAF （41.74~246.86 ng·L^-1）;个人护理品中检出浓度最高的是DEET （3.17~219.91 ng·L^-1）,其次是BP-3（56.92~150.14 ng·L^-1）.不同采样点的PPCPs浓度呈现一定的空间差异,PPCPs总浓度在流经平罗县城后猛然增加,并在该段处达到最大,随后呈现下降趋势.相关性分析表明,4-MBC与COD呈显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）,IBU、XMTD、TCC和TCS与NH₄⁺-N呈较明显的正相关关系（P<0.05）,DIC、BF、CBZ和DEET与TN呈较明显的正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明PPCPs浓度和水质指标密切相关.生态风险评价结果显示DIC、IBU、GEM、CBZ、CAF和BP-3具有高风险,BM-DBM、TCC和TCS具有中等风险.     

超滤膜负载UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66强化PPCPs去除和膜污染控制

本研究通过聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜内负载具有协同吸附和催化作用的金属有机骨架（MOFs）,吸附去除水中药品及个人护理品（PPCPs）,并且达到膜滤过程中多功能材料吸附能力再生和膜污染控制的双重目的.在膜吸附方面,共混基质膜（MMMs）内MOFs材料UiO-66@Fe₃O₄@UiO-66能够有效吸附以水杨酸（SA）和邻-苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）为模板化合物的两种常见PPCPs.在膜催化再生方面,UiO-66@Fe₃O₄@UiO-66中的Fe₃O₄能够催化H₂O₂生成强氧化性的羟基自由基（HO·）,实现对MOFs/PVDF膜吸附能力再生和膜内污染控制的耦合.结果表明,pH=7±0.1条件下,10% MOFs/PVDF膜对0.1 mmol·L^-1 SA和DMP吸附去除率最高,它们的去除率可分别达到64.2%和46.1%.除此之外,膜内UiO-66@Fe₃O₄@UiO-66催化5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂,能够使膜通量和膜吸附性能恢复率分别达到91.8%和94.2%.实验设计的这种负载多功能MOFs共混基质膜的特点是它对膜吸附能力再生和膜污染控制过程的耦合.这为生化尾水深度净化过程中PPCPs去除和膜抗污染性能改善提供了新的思路.