Reach and messages of the world's largest ivory burn

Recent increases in ivory poaching have depressed African elephant populations. Successful enforcement has led to ivory stockpiling. Stockpile destruction is becoming increasingly popular, and most destruction has occurred in the last 5 years. Ivory destruction is intended to send a strong message against ivory consumption, both in promoting a taboo on ivory use and catalyzing policy change. However, there has been no effort to establish the distribution and extent of media reporting on ivory destruction events globally. We analyzed media coverage of the largest ivory destruction event in history (Kenya, 30 April 2016) across 11 nation states connected to ivory trade. We used an online‐media crawling tool to search online media outlets and subjected 5 of the largest print newspapers (by circulation) in 5 nations of interest to content analysis. Most online news on the ivory burn came from the United States (81% of 1944 articles), whereas most of the print news articles came from Kenya (61% of 157 articles). Eighty‐six to 97% of all online articles reported the burn as a positive conservation action, whereas 4–50% discussed ivory burning as having a negative impact on elephant conservation. Most articles discussed law enforcement and trade bans as effective for elephant conservation. There was more relative search interest globally in the 2016 Kenyan ivory burn than any other burn in 5 years. Ours is the first attempt to track the reach of media coverage relative to an ivory burn and provides a case study in tracking the effects of a conservation‐marketing event.     

长江中游洪湖至宜昌江段鱼类空间分布特征的水声学研究

为了解长江中游洪湖至宜昌江段鱼类时空分布变化,于2014~2015年的秋季、春季和夏季,使用Simrad EY60鱼探仪对该江段的鱼类时空分布特征进行了3次水声学调查。结果表明:鱼探仪探测获得的鱼类回波信号与湖底反射信号的图像均比较清晰,且图像的背景噪声较小,长江干流的鱼类多以个体形式进行活动,探测时未发现鱼群。夏季鱼类目标强度(TS值)最高(–47.2±8.6)d B,春季鱼类TS值最低(–60.0±6.4)d B,非参数检验结果显示,3个季节的鱼类TS值差异极其显著(P0.01);3个季节该江段鱼类资源水平分布不均匀,鱼类最大密度分别为63.7 ind./1 000 m3(秋季)、141.4 ind./1 000 m3(春季)和266 ind./1 000 m3(夏季),且3个季节鱼类水平分布差异极显著(F=151.08,P0.01);垂直水层方向上,3个季节的鱼类密度均表现出相同的分布特征,即表层中层底层,各水层3个季节之间的鱼类密度存在极显著性差异(df=2,P0.01);在方差齐性下,采用LSD方法对3个季节各水层之间鱼类密度进行多重比较,结果显示秋季仅表层与底层之间鱼类密度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);春季表层与中层、中层与底层之间鱼类密度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);夏季表层、中层和底层两两之间鱼类密度均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。该江段鱼类时空分布差异与鱼类的越冬、索饵、产卵等因素有关。     

长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征与风险评估

利用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)分析了长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征.结果表明,16个采样点累计质量浓度范围为13. 37～780. 5 ng·L~(-1),平均值为92. 95 ng·L~(-1),共检出4种磺胺类、3种氟喹诺酮类、1种四环素类、5种大环内酯类和1种氯霉素类抗生素,平均质量浓度为0. 14～49. 91 ng·L~(-1),其中恩诺沙星(ERX)和克拉霉素(CLR)的检出率为100%,克林霉素(CLI)检出质量浓度最高(739. 44 ng·L~(-1)).与国内部分河流、湖泊相比,长江南京段水体中的抗生素浓度处于较低水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S2具有最大的联合风险熵值(0. 31),磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、强力霉素(DOX)和罗红霉素(ROX)的环境风险熵值具有低等风险水平; 9种抗生素对不同年龄段人群的健康风险指数HQ在2. 22×10-6和4. 86×10-3之间,同时CLI和DOX为主要的潜在健康风险因素.     

从地学规律和可持续发展看长江分蓄洪区建设

分蓄洪区是平原防洪的一种重要措施。20世纪50年代，我国在长江中游地区共规划分蓄洪区14处，其中荆江分洪区、洪湖分蓄洪区和杜家台分洪区为国家确定的重点蓄滞洪区。随着长江上游三峡等一系列大型电站的兴建，中游堤防加固工程的实施，长江中游仍需要200×10\+8m\+3分蓄洪区。基于地学规律和长江中游目前的 防洪形势，从有效的防洪功能和可持续发展相结合考虑，建议取消荆江分洪区和其它一般分蓄洪区，仅保留洪湖分蓄洪区和杜家台分洪区，重点建设洪湖分蓄洪区。建议按照“梯级化”和 “垦殖和养殖区”进行洪湖分蓄洪区规划和建设。     

大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属污染水平,对其上覆水、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中6种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和地累积指数法对其水体和表层沉积物重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,研究区域上覆水重金属浓度的高低顺序为Pb相似文献   

大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口氮、磷的分布及潜在性富营养化

根据2013年8月和11月大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水质的实测数据,对水体中不同形态氮、磷含量的季节和空间分布特征进行了研究,并对水体潜在性富营养化程度进行了评价.结果表明,2013年丰水期和枯水期,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,硝酸盐是水体无机氮存在的主要形态,其约占总无机氮的55%;颗粒态磷(TPP-P)是水体磷营养盐的主要存在形式,其含量占水体磷营养盐的50%以上.空间上,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,水体的氮、磷形态的浓度表现为逐渐降低的趋势,相关性分析结果显示,水体大多数氮、磷形态与盐度呈显著的负相关关系,说明海水物理稀释相比其它环境因子对水体氮、磷形态空间分布起着主要作用;季节上,大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体氮、磷含量表现为"枯水期丰水期",这主要与感潮河段季节性陆源输入情况不同有关.大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体DIN-N浓度均大于0.30 mg·L~(-1),N/P大于60,均表现为磷限制潜在富营养化水平.     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.     

A STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING THE POLLUTANTS IN A RIVER1

Urban and industrial areas continue to expand and consequently, to create serious water pollution problems to natural streams. The need for the development of accurate, reliable, and sensitive water quality prediction models is most desirable. The first objective of this research is to set guidelines for dividing a natural stream into more or less independent reaches based on some criteria. The second objective is to obtain the predicting equations of the water pollutants in a selected stream. The preliminary phase of this research evaluated water quality data sampled from the Pearl River which flows southwest and then turns south through the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. This evaluation served as guidelines to divide the total river basin into reaches (subsystems) appropriate to the objective of this research. Subsequent to this subsystem assignment, a stepwise multiple regression FORTRAN program was used to regress the pollutants (dependent variables) for both time and space on their water characteristics (independent variables). Based on the results obtained, the proposed statistical approach provides a practical tool for developing regression equations for the purpose of water pollutants' prediction.     

不同尺度下人类活动对浑太河流域鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响

为了确定鱼类和大型底栖动物群落结构对多重人类活动压力响应是否一致,以浑太河流域为例,采用典范对应分析和冗余分析方法,以自然环境因子(包括海拔、坡度、流域面积、经纬度)为协变量,比较流域(各土地利用类型面积所占比例)、河岸带(各土地利用面积所占比例)和河段尺度(水质、水力形态、水文、栖息地质量、底质类型等)下人类活动因子对鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响. 结果表明:在流域尺度上,林地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了8.09%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,林地、旱地、城镇建设用地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了18.28%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异;在河岸带尺度上,城镇建设用地面积所占比例解释了4.26%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,没有环境因子对大型底栖动物群落特征产生显著影响;在河段尺度上,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)、河宽、QHEI(a qualitative habitat evaluation index,栖息地评估指数)、ρ(DO)、ρ(TN)、硬度和pH解释了36.60%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)解释了14.65%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异.河段尺度人类活动因子对鱼类群落特征的直接影响最为显著,其次为流域尺度,河岸带尺度的影响最小;流域尺度和河段尺度人类活动因子对大型底栖动物群落特征影响大致相同. 河段尺度的水力形态和水质状况主要受流域尺度土地利用变化的影响,其次是河岸带尺度. 土地利用变化对水力形态的影响较水质更大.