关于建立资源与环境快速反应系统的探讨

本文阐述了国家快速反应系统的概念及其作用。以建立资源与环境快速反应系统为例,说明建立系统的必要性、系统的内容、组成及技术指示。     

O3/H2O2去除水中硝基苯效果与机理

以硝基苯为目标反应物,对O₃/H₂O₂体系氧化去除水中硝基苯的效果和机理进行了研究,考察了pH值、H₂O₂剂量、自由基抑制剂或促进剂对硝基苯的去除效果的影响.研究发现,在pH≤7时,H₂O₂促进臭氧化去除硝基苯的效果较为明显,当H₂O₂投加量从1.0 mg/L增加到4.0 mg/L时,在氧化5 min内,硝基苯     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.     

The influence of ClO− and acidity in the reaction between H2O2 and CuCl2

The potentially explosive reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and copper chloride (CuCl₂) was investigated. Pressure tests revealed that the reaction was strongly temperature - dependent and can easily undergo runaway reaction. Nevertheless, there was only a slight pressure increase at the low temperatures studied or when using low concentrations of CuCl₂. Under the conditions generating the slight pressure increase, hypochlorite anions (ClO⁻) are generated and the acidity increases. As the reaction reaches completion, ClO⁻ disappears, and the acidity decreases. Interestingly, the addition of phosphate buffer to maintain the weakly acid conditions led to a runaway reaction, and the use of basic ClO⁻ promoted the exothermic reaction. Based on the results, acidity has a strong impact on the reaction behaviour.     

大跨度钢结构桥架的检测鉴定及加固处理

对大跨度受腐蚀损坏的钢结构桥架进行结构可靠性检测鉴定和内力验算,根据检测鉴定结果做加固处理,保证了结构的安全稳定和生产使用需要。     

某厂通廊框架晃动原因及加固处理

对某厂通廊框架进行检测,根据检测结果分析晃动原因,从而提出合理的加固处理方案,保证厂房安全正常使用。     

Thermal hazard accident investigation of hydrogen peroxide mixing with propanone employing calorimetric approaches

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), historically, due to its broad applications in the chemical industries, has caused many serious fires and explosions around the world. Its thermal hazards may also be incurred by an incompatible reaction with other chemicals, and a runaway reaction may be induced in the last stage. This study applied thermal analytical methods to explore the H₂O₂ leading to these accidents by incompatibility and to discuss what might be formed by the upset situations. Thermal hazard analysis contained a solvent, propanone (CH₃COCH₃, so-called acetone), which was deliberately selected to mix with H₂O₂ for investigating the degree of thermal hazard. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) were employed to evaluate the thermal hazard of H₂O₂. The results indicated that H₂O₂ is highly hazardous while mixed with propanone, as a potential contaminant. The time to maximum rate (TMR) was used as emergency response time in the chemical industries. Therefore, TMR of H₂O₂ was calculated to be 70 min for runaway reaction (after T₀) and TMR of H₂O₂/propanone was discovered to be 27 min only. Fire and explosion hazards could be successfully lessened if the safety-related data are properly imbedded into manufacturing processes.     

一种改进的帧差法实现火焰目标分割

针对传统船舶火灾报警系统采用的传感器在远离火灾源时很难探测到初期火灾的特性,提出了利用摄像头模式识别的方法来探测火源的构想,将顶置鱼眼摄像头作为图像传感器,在一个较大的范围内探测初期火灾,提出了一种基于火焰闪点位置的交叉性与聚合性的帧差算法,实现火焰目标分割识别.该方法是在实时视频流中,对连续两帧图像进行帧差,根据闪点位置的交叉性排除运动物体的干扰,再根据闪点的聚合程度排除一部分游离的干扰闪点,最后得到疑似火焰区域.对疑似火焰区域二值化、抽取轮廓、再由种子点位置确定火焰外形.此法能够高效地从视频图像中分割出火焰,从而为火灾的初期预防报警提供高效识别手段.     

大型排架施工安全监控机制研究

以大型排架为研究对象,研究排架从设计开始、搭设过程、排架使用过程、排架拆除等环节,从安全组织、技术措施、监督检查、安全许可等方面严格把关,对工程建设参建各方应该履行的安全生产管理职责、权限、工作内容及工作流程进行梳理和细化,设置控制节点,强化中间环节的安全检查,实现排架全生命过程的安全控制,研究成果以程序文件表现。大型排架施工过程监控程序文件中有工作流程8个,对应安全检查表10个,工作流程环环相扣,安全检查表间相互关联。通过实施大型排架施工过程监控程序文件,严格过程监督管理,保证高排架在搭设与使用中不发生安全生产事故,有效杜绝了类似于高排架垮塌伤人等群体性伤害安全事故。     

汽车尾气净化催化剂Ag/SAPO-34选择性催化还原NO

评价了Ag/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂选择性还原NO的活性,并运用漫反射红外光谱原位研究NO在Ag/SAPO-34催化剂上的选择性催化还原机理.结果表明Ag/SAPO-34有良好的低温活性,在氧气浓度为3.6%和温度为573K～673K时NO还原成N2的转化率达70%;催化剂活性随C3H6浓度的增加而升高,随空速的增加而稍有下降.基于漫反射红外光谱,认为反应机理为:NO、丙烯和氧反应,在Ag/SAPO-34催化剂上生成吸附的有机-氮氧化物,再由这些吸附物种分解成N₂,催化还原的关键是形成有机-氮氧化物中间体.氧的作用是充分促进丙烯活化以及增加NO_x吸附态含量,并且氧的存在是有效产生一系列中间物不可缺少的条件.