生物预处理后给水沉淀池生物污泥回流净水效果的研究

针对季节性氨氮和有机微污染水源,通过回流生物预处理后沉淀池生物污泥至絮凝池,进行常规生物强化处理。不同污泥回流比工况的中试实验表明,污泥回流比宜在1.5%～5%之间选取,回流比再加大,生物强化效应不会增加;相比不回流工况27.6%的CODMn平均去除率,在污泥回流比为1.5%、3%和5%的运行工况下,沉淀池出水相对于预处理出水CODMn的平均去除率分别为44.5%、44.1%和45.5%;同时,在1.5%～5%之间选取污泥回流比,絮凝剂投加量减少了17 mg/L,并且沉淀池出水浊度降低,氨氮去除率也有提高。     

高炉喷吹用潞安贫瘦煤爆炸下限与返回火焰长度的试验研究

该试验通过测定爆炸下限与返回火焰长度这两个参数来确定4种煤粉的爆炸性。爆炸下限指能使喷入一定装置中的粉尘云点燃并维持火焰传播的最小粉尘浓度,是确定粉尘爆炸性重要参数,试验室通常使用20L的爆炸装置进行测定。喷吹现场广泛采用长管式煤粉爆炸性测试仪检测煤尘引燃后产生的返回火焰长度,该长度随煤粉爆炸性的强弱而显著变化:返回火焰长度大于600 mm可认定该煤粉具有强爆炸性;在400~600 mm之间则煤粉具有中强度爆炸性;小于400 mm则煤粉具有弱爆炸性。结果表明:20 L球测得4种煤粉的爆炸下限在60~85 g/m3之间;长管式煤粉爆炸性测定仪测得4种煤粉的返回火焰长度在20~50 mm之间。由测定的返回火焰长度可知,试验所用的4种煤样均属于弱爆炸性煤种。     

Economic evaluation of measles catch-up and follow-up campaigns in Afghanistan in 2002 and 2003

This paper assesses the cost-effectiveness of, and the return on the investment in, the 2002 catch-up and the 2003 follow-up measles campaigns in Afghanistan from the perspective of the donor. The catch-up campaign targeted nearly 12 million children aged between six months and 12 years, while the follow-up campaign targeted over five million children aged between 9 and 59 months. Both campaigns successfully vaccinated approximately 96 per cent of the respective target populations, and are expected to avert an estimated 301,000 measles deaths over the next 10 years. The average cost per dose of measles vaccine delivered was USD 0.40. The cost per death prevented is USD 23.6, assuming a case fatality rate of 10 per cent and a discount rate of three per cent. With more than 42,000 measles deaths avoided for every one million US dollars spent, the campaigns are an excellent public health investment for precluding childhood mortality in a country affected by a complex emergency.     

阻截除油技术在渤西油气处理厂的应用

"阻截除油"是一种基于新理念、新材料而开发出的新型油水分离工艺。本文介绍了该新工艺的工作原理,通过对渤西油气处理厂现场采油生产含油污水(生产水)进行实际运行试验,检验了以"阻截油水分离"新技术为核心的新型含油污水处理装置在采油生产含油污水处理方面的性能,并获取了对新工艺进行适用性优化改进的经验,利于进一步对该工艺的推广应用。     

固城湖退圩还湖区沉积物重金属特征及生态风险评价

为探讨退圩还湖对固城湖表层沉积物重金属污染特征、空间分布和生态风险的影响,对退圩区和湖区表层沉积物重金属（Fe、Mn、As、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb）含量进行对比分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价沉积物重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险程度,利用相关性和聚类分析法解析重金属主要污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,退圩区沉积物重金属中Cd （0.21mg/kg）和湖区沉积物重金属中Cd （0.56mg/kg）和Zn （145.33mg/kg）和Pb （41.17mg/kg）含量的平均值分别达到江苏省土壤背景值的2.45、6.55、2.24和1.87倍.湖区表层沉积物重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb含量显著高于退圩区.地累积指数法评价显示退圩区中Cd为轻度污染;湖区中Cd为中度污染,Zn、As、Cu和Pb为轻度污染.潜在生态风险指数表明,湖区表层沉积物生态风险高于退圩区;Cd是湖区与退圩区最主要的生态风险贡献因子,可能与水产养殖活动以及工业废水排放有关.固城湖退圩还湖对于降低固城湖重金属生态风险有着积极作用.     

Standardized reporting of the costs of management interventions for biodiversity conservation

Effective conservation management interventions must combat threats and deliver benefits at costs that can be achieved within limited budgets. Considerable effort has focused on measuring the potential benefits of conservation interventions, but explicit quantification of the financial costs of implementation is rare. Even when costs have been quantified, haphazard and inconsistent reporting means published values are difficult to interpret. This reporting deficiency hinders progress toward a collective understanding of the financial costs of management interventions across projects and thus limits the ability to identify efficient solutions to conservation problems or attract adequate funding. We devised a standardized approach to describing financial costs reported for conservation interventions. The standards call for researchers and practitioners to describe the objective and outcome, context and methods, and scale of costed interventions, and to state which categories of costs are included and the currency and date for reported costs. These standards aim to provide enough contextual information that readers and future users can interpret the cost data appropriately. We suggest these standards be adopted by major conservation organizations, conservation science institutions, and journals so that cost reporting is comparable among studies. This would support shared learning and enhance the ability to identify and perform cost‐effective conservation.     

How to Build an Efficient Conservation Fence

Abstract:  Barriers are used to achieve diverse objectives in conservation and biosecurity. In conservation management, fences are often erected to exclude introduced predators and to contain diseased animals or invasive species. Planning an efficient conservation fence involves a number of decisions, including the size and design of the enclosure. We formulated the first general framework for building a fence that minimizes long-term management costs by balancing the expense of constructing a more secure barrier against the costs of coping with more frequent failures. The approach systematically considers the range of potential solutions to a well-defined fencing problem and results in a solution that maximizes conservation return on investment. We illustrated this method by designing efficient fences to address two different conservation goals: exclusion of invasive predators from populations of threatened eastern barred bandicoots ( Perameles gunnii ) and maintenance of isolated populations of healthy Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ). A systematic approach to conservation fencing allows the best fence design to be chosen quantitatively and defensibly. It also facilitates conservation decisions at a strategic level by allowing fencing to be compared transparently with alternative conservation management actions.     

变化环境下北江流域水文极值演变特征、成因及影响

选用8种概率分布函数,系统分析北江上游犁市和下游石角2站的水文极值流量。以极大似然法估计函数参数,采用K-S、A-D、ABS和AIC拟合优度方法选出变化环境前后最优分布函数。并对水文极值流量变化规律及其影响作了有益探讨。结果表明:1991年后流域下垫面植被减少是造成年最大流量显著上升的主要原因。犁市站极值流量厚尾分布拟合最好,石角站薄尾分布拟合最优,变化环境前后洪水频率最优分布线型基本一致,但流量增大造成分布参数改变已导致分布线型高水尾部特性变陡,相应设计流量偏大。用水文情势发生变化前估计的洪水重现期往往不能很好地描述变化后洪水频率特征。北江上游及时修建防洪水利工程对减轻中下游的防洪压力尤为重要。     

秸秆还田对江西农田土壤固碳影响的模拟分析

秸秆还田等农田管理措施能有效地增加土壤碳储量,从而有利于减缓大气CO₂浓度的上升趋势。论文基于环境政策综合气候模型(EPIC),采用千烟洲生态试验站和鹰潭生态试验站农田监测场长期观测数据,验证和优化了EPIC模型参数,同时利用1990-2010年江西省气象资料以及土壤清查资料,模拟分析了4种秸秆还田(CR)比例情景下2010-2030年江西省水稻田土壤的固碳潜力。研究结果表明,无秸秆还田 (CR0%)和秸秆还田25%(CR25%)两种处理下耕作层土壤有机碳储量分别下降21.3%和6.5%,秸秆还田50%(CR50%)和100%(CR100%)处理下土壤有机碳储量分别增加5.4%和11.9%;相对CR0%情景而言,CR25%、CR50%、CR100% 情景下江西省水稻田土壤总固碳潜力分别为6.43、14.92和25.26 TgC(1 Tg = 10⁶ t)。研究结果表明,通过合理的调控措施,采用保护性耕作(秸秆还田)是提高水稻田土壤固碳能力的一种有效途径。     

河西绿洲灌区玉米秸秆带膜还田腐解特征研究

为探讨河西绿洲灌区玉米秸秆带膜还田时的腐解规律,采用尼龙网袋法,对不同带膜还田模式下玉米秸秆的腐解特征进行研究,旨为当地玉米秸秆还田提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：土壤温度是影响当地玉米秸秆腐解的主要因素,经过180 d腐解后,各还田处理秸秆的腐解率均在50%以上,其中翻压处理的腐解率（67.5%～76.0%）高于覆盖处理（50.5%～59.0%）,而且腐解主要发生在还田后的30～120 d。秸秆在还田前期（前60 d）会与作物争夺土壤氮素,但是在还田后期会释放一定氮素,而且翻压和粉碎还田释放的氮素要高于覆盖和整株还田。从秸秆完全腐解的预测时间看,整株半量翻压、整株半量覆盖、粉碎半量翻压、粉碎全量翻压、粉碎半量覆盖和粉碎全量覆盖处理分别需要247、326、212、227、277和299 d才能完全腐解,可见,在河西绿洲灌区实行带膜还田前景广阔,而且翻压优于覆盖,粉碎优于整株,半量优于全量。