基于地理探测器的土壤重金属影响因子分析及其污染风险评价

地理探测器能快速定量化揭示驱动重金属含量影响因素的强度,这对于重金属空间预测模型构建变量的确定和土壤污染修复措施的精准实施具有重要意义。利用地理探测器模型,对5种土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的空间分布和11种环境因子的交互作用进行定量评估,通过单因子指数法进行重庆市土壤重金属污染风险评价。结果表明:研究区内土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb的平均含量是重庆市土壤背景值的1.3—1.4倍,Ni含量低于背景值;其中Cu、Pb达到重度污染水平,其余3种重金属为中度或轻度污染水平。5种重金属元素中Cu和Pb为高度变异(变异系数为0.57、0.4),Zn、Cr和Ni为中等变异(变异系数为0.22—0.29),且各重金属元素之间呈显著正相关性,表明研究区重金属富集受人为干扰影响较大,且污染具有复合性或同源性。地理探测器的因子探测发现高程、坡度和土壤类型对5种土壤重金属含量的解释力最显著,说明地势和土壤类型是土壤重金属含量分布差异的最主要影响因素。交互作用探测发现,高程与其他因子交互作用是重金属空间分异的主导因素,气候条件和土壤类型也是重要影响因子。土壤重金属空间分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,而高程、坡度和土壤类型具有较强的解释力,这些因子可作为土壤重金属含量空间预测模型的辅助变量,也可促进重金属污染治理措施的靶向实施。     

建构筑物周边爆破施工安全控制距离及分析方法研究

为研究在居民区附近开展大面积爆破施工的安全可行性以及安全控制距离标准,采用数值模拟方法,分析了地铁车辆段爆破施工对周边高压线及居民楼的影响,根据分析结果,给出了安全控制距离及关键控制指标,说明采用数值模拟的方法适用于类似工况的可行性。另外,研究发现,在居民楼附近进行地铁车辆段爆破施工风险较高,建议在距建构筑物100 m范围内采用静态爆破或机械开挖的方式进行施工。     

无锡市大气PM2.5中黑碳的粒径分布与混合态特征

针对长江三角洲地区PM2.5中的重要组分黑碳(BC)气溶胶,2010~2011年利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2),对江苏省无锡市夏冬两季BC气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行了连续在线观测.结果表明,无锡市冬季BC质量浓度(6.1μg/m3)是夏季(2.5μg/m3)的2.4倍,内混态BC比例(NIB)冬季(64.8%)也显著高于夏季(44.6%),说明冬季BC污染与来外来污染传输有关.反向轨迹分析表明,来自华北平原的污染气团输入是冬季高浓度BC污染的首要原因. NIB的日变化趋势与BC质量浓度的完全相反.午后BC质量浓度最低时NIB最高,反映了二次光化学产物包覆在BC颗粒外层的老化过程.此外,夏冬两季BC粒径分布保持稳定,其质量浓度峰值对应粒径在225nm左右,数浓度峰值对应粒径在120nm左右.     

基于神经网络集成的单个飞行事件噪声预测模型

通过分析影响单个飞行事件噪声的各种因素,构建了BP神经网络回归预测模型,并通过自适应遗传算法优选出参与集成的个体神经网络,提出了预测单个飞行事件噪声的神经网络集成预测模型.为了有效保证差异性,设置不同隐藏神经元个数和Bagging算法来构建和训练单个网络.实验结果表明,单个飞行事件噪声的神经网络集成预测模型相对单个BP神经网络模型泛化能力更强,稳定性能更好.本文方法在测试集上误差在3dB以内的平均比率为96.9%,比单个网络高6.8%.     

壬基酚、五氯酚及硝基苯对端足类河蜾蠃蜚(Corophium acherusicum)的毒性效应

为检测海洋中环境激素及芳烃类化合物对端足类生物的污染危害,实验选择端足类河蜾蠃蜚(Corophium acherusicum)为受试生物,研究了其在壬基酚、五氯酚、硝基苯三种有机污染物暴露下的96 h急性致死毒性效应和7 d慢性DNA损伤毒性效应。计算获得壬基酚、五氯酚和硝基苯对河蜾蠃蜚的96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为70、465、25 000μg·L-1,三种有机污染物对河蜾蠃蜚的毒性强弱顺序为壬基酚五氯酚硝基苯。运用碱解旋法检测壬基酚、五氯酚和硝基苯对河蜾蠃蜚DNA损伤的程度,计算得到7 d半效应浓度(EC50)分别为30、256、11 000μg·L-1。实验结果表明:三种有机污染物浓度的不断加大,引起河蜾蠃蜚DNA损伤程度的不断增加,呈显著的剂量-效应关系。     

Single walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HEK293 cells

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity and general mechanisms involved in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-induced cytotoxicity using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) cells. Carbon nanotubes (coded as CNT) used in this study were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying SWCNT-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, cell membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) assay), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipid peroxidation products levels were quantitatively assessed following SWCNT exposure for 48 hr using HEK293 cells. Exposure of cells to SWCNT at 3–300 μg/ml produced significant reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value of SWCNT was found to be 87.58 μg/ml. Exposure of HEK cells to SWCNT at 10–100 μg/ml resulted in concentration-dependent cell membrane damage, increased production of IL-8, elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances like malondialdehyde and decreased intracellular GSH levels. In summary, exposure to SWCNT resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured HEK293 cells that was associated with increased oxidative stress.     

石家庄市大气污染物的季节性时空特征及潜在源区

为系统研究石家庄市季节性典型污染物的重污染传输特征,基于2018年12月~2019年11月46个环境监测站（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、NO₂、SO₂和CO）及17个气象站（温度、湿度和风速）的小时监测数据,利用插值（IDW）和相关方法,分析污染物的季节性时空特征;并结合GDAS数据,采用后向轨迹方法,研究污染物的季度传输格局和潜在源区.结果表明：①不同季节具有典型的污染物,季节性典型污染物和污染率依次为：春季（PM₁₀,48.91%）、夏季（O₃,81.97%）、秋季（PM₁₀和PM_2.5,47.54%和32.79%）和冬季（PM_2.5,74.44%）,其与气象条件变化有显著联系;②春季PM₁₀与风速呈负相关,呈西北高、东南低的空间格局,主要传输方向为南向（53.32%）,潜在源区（WPCWT_ij≥160 μg ·m^-3）为河北（冀）中南、河南（豫）中北及山西（晋）中部,且山东（鲁）西和陕西（陕）西北部的传输也会贡献（WPSCF_ij≥0.3）市域的PM₁₀浓度;③夏季O₃与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,传输通道方向为东南-南向（54.24%）,其潜在源区呈以石家庄市为中心,沧州和菏泽为两翼的新月形区域;④秋季和冬季PM_2.5与湿度呈正相关,冬季呈西低、东高态势分布,输送方向为：秋季（东北-东南,74.75%）,冬季（西北,55.47%）,主要污染源区（WPCWT_ij≥180 μg ·m^-3）集中在冀中南、豫北和晋中西部.     

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的源解析新算法

针对现有单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术的颗粒物快速来源解析方法不能提供基于质量浓度单位源解析结果的问题,提出一种新型单颗粒快速源解析算法ArtPMF.选择淮河平原某能源工业城市2021年2～3月的单颗粒质谱监测数据对ArtPMF算法进行应用.结果表明监测期间二次源、工业源、机动车尾气源、燃煤源、扬尘源、生物质燃烧源和烟花燃放源对...     

An Attempt at Preventing Asthenopia Among VDT Workers

We report the results of 3 surveys of visual display terminal (VDT) users who took a minibreak during which they viewed a stereoscopic image of a repeating parallel pattern showing planets. The single image stereogram method employed is called Stretch Eye^TM, and we evaluated the effects of Stretch Eye^TM on asthenopia. An accommodative relaxation of about 1 D was observed in participants while they were gazing at the image. The employees of 2 information technology companies were evaluated according to a visual analogue scale (VAS) for subjective symptoms of asthenopia and eyesight. The results showed that Stretch Eye^TM was effective in easing visual fatigue due to VDT work and it improved eyesight under working conditions.     

Preliminary analysis of single flash combined with binary system using thermodynamic assessment: a case study of Dieng geothermal power plant

This paper addressed the performance of single flash combined with a binary system that was proposed in the Dieng geothermal power plant by applying thermodynamic assessment methods. A set of mathematical equations from the plant was developed and solved iteratively using engineering equation solver. The results showed that the available exergy of the produced fluid from production wells is 66,204 kW. The performance of an existing single-flash power plant indicated 24,300 kW of net power output. The proposed design of single flash combined with a binary system improves the power output by 17.16% to 27,786 kW. The second law efficiency increases from 36.7% to 41.97% while the first law efficiency increases from 11.62% to 13.61%.