上海市屋面雨水回用处理技术研究

在分析上海市屋面雨水水质的基础上,研究了沉淀和过滤技术对屋面雨水的回用处理效果。结果表明,经过沉淀、过滤处理后,屋面雨水满足城市生活杂用水和景观用水的水质标准。     

矿山顶板分级管理方法初探

提出了金属矿山顶板分级管理的2种基本方法,就如何建立与完善矿山顶板分级管理制度提出了一些有益建议.     

屋顶形状对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,通过求解二维连续性方程,Navier-Stokes方程及污染物输运方程,模拟了具有不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷的流场及交通污染物浓度场.计算结果与风洞试验结果总体趋势一致.由于屋顶形状的不同,峡谷内的流场会形成顺时针或逆时针方向的旋涡,从而影响建筑物迎风面与背风面污染物浓度分布.在各种屋顶形状的街道峡谷中,壁面污染物浓度的相对大小与其附近的速度分布有直接关系.通过对街道峡谷建筑屋顶高度处垂直方向污染物通量的计算和比较,说明了不同屋顶形状的街道峡谷平均流扩散和湍流扩散的强弱,污染物湍流扩散通量值有可能为正或为负;同时,峡谷内剩余污染物浓度的大小表明了屋顶形状对污染物扩散出街道峡谷难易的影响.      

温度分层环境下火灾烟气羽流上升高度公式分析

对小尺度空间温度分层环境下柴油有焰火及棉绳阴燃火烟气运动进行了实验和数值模拟.结果表明,在分层环境下,烟气与环境空气温度差造成的浮力在某一高度消失并转为负值,致使烟气停止上升而向横向扩展.Morton积分公式低估了烟气羽流上升的最大高度,且在相同出口条件及分层环境下,柴油烟雾比棉绳烟雾下降趋势快,上升高度小,其原因在于积分公式中自相似卷吸及烟气为空气假设.引入烟气密度修正系数和自相似修正系数,对Morton公式进行了修正和讨论.     

The GANE Roof Project: The impact of reduced N & S deposition and experimental warming in an acid grassland

A field-based system used to quantify the response of acid grassland to reduced atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition, and to investigate the effects of elevated soil temperature on acid grassland development is described. The system is based on 12 retractable roofs, covering undisturbed experimental plots of acid grassland and three controls. Nine roofs are used to exclude natural precipitation and three roofs used to retain emitted IR radiation at night. An irrigation system has been developed to simulate natural precipitation, allowing for the application of specific treatment regimes of ambient, reduced nitrogen and reduced nitrogen/sulphur deposition beneath the nine rain exclusion plots. Plant, soil parameters, leachate chemistry and gaseous fluxes are being monitored and initial results on soil water chemistry are described. Warming appeared to enhance nitrate concentrations in soil water but this was not sustained beyond the first year of treatment. In contrast, the deposition reduction treatments decreased soil water nitrate concentrations within a few weeks of reducing deposition. This was not observed for other solutes such as sulphate or ammonium suggesting a more direct link between deposition of nitrate and leaching losses.     

Emissions of volatile hydrocarbons from floating roof tanks and their local dispersion: Considerations for normal operation and in case of damage

This work investigates the release and dispersion of volatile organic hydrocarbons, which may escape from external floating roof tanks (EFRT) during normal operation or in case of damage. The dispersion will be described using CFD simulations in close range of the EFRT where hazardous areas are assigned. The aim of this work is to investigate which events can lead to emissions in dangerous quantities and to estimate the corresponding likelihood with regard to explosion protection. An emission in hazardous amount is present if the lower explosion limit has been exceeded and if the extent of this emission is not too low. It is discussed in particular whether the used zoning of potentially explosive areas is conservative or over-conservative.     

Overview of a combined computational–experimental evaluation for the assessment of panoramic sunroof impact characteristics for ejection mitigation

Abstract

Objective: To meet increasing customer demand, many vehicle manufacturers are now offering a panoramic sunroof option in their vehicle lineup. Currently, there is no regulatory or consumer test aimed at assessing the potential for ejection mitigation of roof glazing, which leaves manufacturers to develop internal performance standards to guide designs. The goal of this study was to characterize the variety of occupant-to-roof impacts involving unbelted occupants in rollover crashes to determine the ranges of possible effective masses and impact velocities. This information can be used to define occupant retention requirements and performance criteria for roof glazing in occupant ejection protection.

Methods: This study combined computational (MADYMO and LS-Dyna) simulations of occupant kinematics in rollover crashes with laboratory rollover crash tests using the dynamic rollover test system (DRoTS) and linked them through controlled anthropomorphic test device (ATD)-to-roof (“drop”) impact tests. The DRoTS and the ATD drop tests were performed to explore impact scenarios and estimate dummy-to-roof impact impulses. Next, 13 sets of vehicle kinematics and deformation data were extracted from a combination of vehicle dynamics and finite element model simulations that reconstructed variations of rollover crash cases from the field data. Then occupant kinematics data were extracted from a full-factorial sensitivity study that used MADYMO simulations to investigate how changes in anthropometry and seating position would affect occupant–roof impacts across all 13 cases. Finite element (FE) simulations of ATD and Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) human body model (HBM) roof impacts were performed to investigate the most severe cases from the MADYMO simulations to generate a distribution of head-to-roof impact energies.

Results: From the multiparameter design of experiment and experimental study, kinematics and energy output were extracted and analyzed. Based on dummy-to-roof impact force and dummy-to-roof impact velocity, the most severe rollover scenarios were identified. In the DRoTS experiments followed by the drop tests, the range of identified impact velocities was between 2 and 5.8 m/s. However, computational simulations of the rollover crashes showed higher impact velocities and similar effective masses. The largest dummy-to-roof impact velocity was 11 m/s.

Conclusions: This study combined computational and experimental analyses to determine a range of possible unbelted occupant-to-roof impact energies. These results can be used to determine design parameters for an impactor for the assessment of the risk of roof glazing ejection for unbelted occupants in rollover crashes.     

Numerical simulation of stratified turbulent two phase flow in aquatic environment

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澳门屋面径流特征初步研究

在澳门半岛选取4个屋面汇水区,进行降雨屋面径流水样的收集与水质分析,监测项目包括:pH、浊度、TN、CODCr、TOC、Zn、Pb、Cu、Fe.研究结果表明,生锈铁皮屋的屋面径流水样中Zn平均浓度值超出国家地表水V类标准的2倍以上,TN和CODCr也超出地表水V类标准.屋面材料对屋面径流输出影响显著.从3场降雨事件不同屋面材料的径流水质参数的平均浓度值看,Zn和Pb的浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.Pb浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.而其它水质参数,如CODCr、TOC、TN,铁皮屋面的浓度值均大于混凝土.屋面径流排污规律和污染物浓度输出具有不确定性,且受降雨干期长度和降雨强度等因素的综合影响.     

复合隔水条件下煤层群涌水控制因素及对瓦斯赋存的影响

为了探究其水害成因、涌水规律，并找到合适的水害防治手段，采用工业分析、煤岩组分、元素分析等微观实验手段，分析柳塔煤矿各煤层煤体的含水分布及微观影响因素并结合矿井煤系地层赋存特征、区域降水特征、井下涌水统计数据，对柳塔煤矿煤层的涌水来源、涌水构成、涌水的影响因素及其对瓦斯赋存的影响进行分析。结果表明，柳塔煤矿富水性较差，且水分随深度逐渐增加；采动形成的大量裂隙使得原有的隔水层产生裂隙，形成了涌水通道；矿井的涌水量与降水量密切相关，应加强顶板水害的防治。