Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems

The built environment has been a significant cause of environmental degradation in the previously undeveloped landscape. As public and private interest in restoring the environmental integrity of urban areas continues to increase, new construction practices are being developed that explicitly value beneficial environmental characteristics. The use of vegetation on a rooftop--commonly called a green roof--as an alternative to traditional roofing materials is an increasingly utilized example of such practices. The vegetation and growing media perform a number of functions that improve environmental performance, including: absorption of rainfall, reduction of roof temperatures, improvement in ambient air quality, and provision of urban habitat. A better accounting of the green roof's total costs and benefits to society and to the private sector will aid in the design of policy instruments and educational materials that affect individual decisions about green roof construction. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Considering the positive social benefits and relatively novel nature of the practice, incentives encouraging the use of this practice in highly urbanized watersheds are strongly recommended.     

Seismic risk assessment of liquid overtopping in a steel storage tank equipped with a single deck floating roof

Major earthquakes have demonstrated that Natech events can be triggered by liquid overtopping in liquid storage tanks equipped with floating roofs. Thus, research on the dynamic behaviour of steel storage tanks with floating roofs is still required. In this paper, the seismic risk against liquid overtopping in a real steel storage tank with a floating roof was analysed using a simplified model that was validated by a refined finite element model based on the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The simplified model utilizes the Lagrangian of a floating roof-fluid system and is capable of providing a response history of the floating roof. It was demonstrated that it could predict the maximum vertical displacement very accurately, while some differences were observed in the response history of vertical displacement. The computational time for a single response history analysis based on the simplified model amounted to a few minutes, which is significantly less demanding compared to hours required for response history analysis in the case of the refined FE model. The simplified model is thus appropriate for the seismic fragility analysis considering the overtopping limit state. It is shown that the fragility curves are significantly affected by the liquid filling level. The risk for liquid overtopping is quite high in the case of a full tank. However, by considering the variation of filling level during the year, the overtopping risk was observed reduced by approximately 30%. Alternatively, the approximate fragility analysis for the liquid overtopping can be performed by utilizing the Eurocode formula for the vertical displacement of liquid. This approach is straightforward, but the formula does not account for the higher mode effects, which may result in overestimated seismic intensity causing overtopping, as discussed in the paper.     

切顶卸压自成巷的连续-非连续方法模拟及切缝倾角的影响*

为克服利用连续方法或非连续方法模拟切顶卸压自成巷过程的不足,采用自主研发的适于模拟连续介质向非连续介质转化或非连续介质进一步演化的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法,提出基于高斯求积公式的势接触力计算方法以提高计算效率,通过考察剪裂纹和拉裂纹的时空分布和煤层支承压力的演化规律,研究不同切缝倾角时切顶卸压自成巷过程,并考虑右巷(胶运巷)的锚杆原始支护、锚索补强支护和液压元件的临时支护。研究结果表明:切缝倾角越大,右巷顶板完整性越好,这是由于当倾角较大时切缝尖端发展出的裂纹促进采空区顶板冒落,从而阻隔采场压力向右巷顶板传递;左巷顶板的冒落越严重;切缝倾角以10°为宜。     

基于基本顶断裂位置分析剩余煤柱稳定性*

为简化支承应力表达式及全面分析煤柱稳定性,基于基本顶断裂位置建立工作面剩余煤柱载荷力学模型,将指数函数型支承应力曲线简化为与其拟合的幂函数抛物线,推导出剩余煤柱载荷及极限宽度B表达式。计算得出312工作面基本顶断裂位置与非开采帮塑性区边缘距离d为8.6~11.5 m,B为8.06~8.85 m。研究结果表明:随着d增加,煤柱载荷及B均逐渐增大;B随煤层黏聚力与内摩擦角的增加而减小,随煤层埋深、应力集中系数、侧压力系数、煤层厚度及工作面采高的增加而增大。研究结果有助于更加全面地分析煤柱稳定性,为工程实践提供一定理论指导。     

浮盘密封圈的原油挥发及结构优化的研究

根据我国大型浮顶储罐的特点,分析浮盘密封圈内油气的形成和集聚过程,总结浮盘密封圈在运行中出现的问题;指出密封圈内的油气挥发是气液相动态平衡的过程,当前浮盘密封圈的主要缺陷是密封圈内油气空间较大和在运行中无法保证有效密封;消除密封圈内原油的气液相界面是抑制密封圈内原油挥发的根本,减少风、气温变化等外界因素对密封圈内原油挥发的影响是降低密封圈内油气浓度的关键;消除密封圈内部的油气空间、消除密封圈内可能存在的放电点、增强密封结构的稳定性是密封圈结构优化的主要途径。     

粗放型绿色屋面填料的介质组成对出水水质的影响

通过模拟降雨实验监测填料组成不同的绿色屋面模拟设施出水水质,研究粗放型绿色屋面设施填料组成对出水污染物特征的影响.结果表明,设施出水中主要的污染物包括不同形态的N、P以及COD;除COD外,出水中污染物浓度随累积降雨量增加而下降,具有明显的淋失效应;所有设施出水中重金属含量均较低,初期出水的平均浓度均达到饮用水标准.含有田园土、醋糟的绿化种植土出水营养物质淋失严重,在累计降雨150 mm情况下,设施出水TN、TP、COD平均浓度分别为2.93、0.73和78 mg·L-1,均超过地表水水质标准Ⅴ类的限值,添加水厂污泥可以有效地减少绿化种植土中TP的淋出且不影响植物对P的吸收;使用无机复合种植土的设施出水水质较好,但仍需要结合设施对水量削减能力和植物生长状况判断填料是否能够应用于粗放型绿色屋面.     

绿色屋面不同基质组分对降雨径流水质和水量的影响

通过模拟降雨强度50~80 mm的降雨实验,研究了3种常用基质(商业基质、火山岩基质和田园土基质)绿色屋面的径流滞留率和径流水质的特点.结果表明:商业基质的径流滞留率最高,达到48.6%,火山岩基质和田园土基质的滞留率分别为33.6%和30.4%;随着降雨历时的延长,3种基质屋面径流中各水质参数浓度呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,但是,随着降雨强度的加大,商业基质径流中TN浓度和COD呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,而火山岩和田园土基质径流水质参数未呈现出明显变化;田园土基质屋面径流EC、TN、COD、TP和TSS的浓度均值高达3973.54、36.96、503.67、2.64和92.02 mg·L~(-1),显著高于商业基质屋面和火山岩基质屋面;商业基质屋面能够有效地中和模拟降雨的pH,且径流中EC、TP和TSS浓度与火山岩基质屋面径流无明显差异.但是,这2种基质屋面径流中TN和COD的浓度(商业基质:17.47 mg·L~(-1)和87.99 mg·L~(-1),火山岩基质:10.95 mg·L~(-1)和157.85 mg·L~(-1))均超出国家地表水环境质量V类标准;通过综合分析3种屋面基质径流滞留率和径流水质,认为商业基质是我国北方地区较为适宜的绿色屋面基质.研究结果可为绿色屋面的科学构建和城市暴雨径流管理提供科学依据,并为我国海绵城市的建设提供重要的理论依据.     

浮顶储罐二次密封油气空间放电分析

为避免浮顶储罐在遭受雷击时由于导电片设施在二次密封油气空间中放电引起密封圈火灾,在实验室建立了2 m直径油罐模型,开展导电片火花放电起始电流试验、导电片与罐壁形成空气间隙击穿放电初始电压试验,系统研究导电片在二次密封油气空间中的放电危险性。试验结果表明:导电片靠自身弹性与罐壁贴合时,雷电流大约在400 A时导电片开始产生点燃性火花放电;如导电片与罐壁贴合不良形成空气间隙,雷击情况下雷电流泄放瞬时浮顶与罐壁之间的电位差足以使一定大小的间隙击穿放电,当间隙大小为20~30 mm时,放电电压为26~40 kV。因此,储罐在遭受雷击时,导电片火花放电现象不可避免。结合储罐的实际运行情况,提出取消二次密封导电片、液下刮蜡器与浮顶进行可靠电气连接的改进措施,避免导电片在二次密封油气空间中放电发生,大大降低浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故。     

淋涌水型破碎顶板煤巷锚网索控制技术研究

为解决煤巷掘进过程中淋涌水破碎顶板等复杂困难条件下的煤巷围岩控制难题,结合团柏煤矿10号煤层巷道顶板淋涌水量大、直接顶层理裂隙发育充分,掘进过程中顶板极易破碎,且陷落柱构造较多,顶板完整性受到影响等情况,采用传统工字钢被动支护后,出现不同程度的破坏,断层、陷落柱等复杂构造区易发生垮冒事故。通过现场调研、煤岩取样及试验分析,得出导致煤巷围岩破坏的主要因素。阐述淋涌水破碎顶板条件下的防治控制措施,提出应用防水锚固剂锚固的高预应力锚网索联合控制技术,并利用FLAC数值模拟来优化设计参数。在10-110(1)运输巷进行现场试验,矿压数据分析结果表明支护效果良好。