塔里木河下游地区新生林地滴灌后土壤水盐再分布特征

以塔里木河下游农二师35团8连绿洲-荒漠交界处滴灌条件下的新生林土壤为研究对象,对滴灌结束24 h后的土壤水分、盐分分布特征进行了分析.结果显示:水平方向上,各点处纵剖面土壤含水率随着距滴头距离的增加逐渐下降,至距滴头75 cm处达最低值;而各点处土壤纵剖面含盐量则随着距滴头距离的增加逐渐上升,至距滴头75 cm处达到峰值.垂直方向上,无论水分还是盐分,在20-40 cm土层含量较高,至中下层趋于下降.水平方向上,随着距滴头距离的增加,滴头处土壤剖面含水率与其他点处土壤剖面含水率的相关性依次递减,距滴头75 cm处土壤剖面含盐量与其他点处土壤剖面含盐量的相关性依次递增;垂直方向上,与20-40 cm土层含水率相关性较强的是0-20 cm土层,在α=0.01水平上呈显著相关,其次是40-60 cm土层,在α=0.05水平上呈显著相关.     

营运驾驶员驾驶事故影响因素仿真研究

解决营运驾驶员驾驶事故频发的不安全行为问题,基于复杂适应系统（CAS）理论和多主体建模与仿真（ABMS）方法,构建营运驾驶员驾驶事故模型。通过调节车辆状况、管理者管理监督水平、营运驾驶员情绪状态、安全教育水平、驾驶经验和环境综合条件等因素,运用NetLogo仿真平台分析安全管理水平、营运驾驶员安全责任意识、心理负荷水平对驾驶事故的影响。研究表明:营运驾驶员驾驶事故的发生系统是一种典型的CAS,营运驾驶员驾驶事故是三大主体属性和行为环境交互的结果,且交互作用程度不同。因此,运输企业要考虑多种因素,采取相应的措施来降低营运驾驶员驾驶事故的发生。     

认知过程中交通标志视认有效性影响因素分析

应用认知心理学的理论及方法,对驾驶员感知交通标志的心理过程进行分析,提出一种将驾驶员的直觉、分析和推理三者相结合的驾驶员信息处理模型。从标志和驾驶员特征出发对影响标志视认性的因素给出基于心理感知的理论分析。该分析结果为驾驶员认知过程研究、标志视认有效性的评价指标选取和相关系统开发设计提供了依据。     

基于驾驶适宜性检测的沙漠公路驾驶员生理、心理特性研究

采用驾驶适宜性检测仪器,在塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线进行驾驶员心理、生理特性的现场测试。结果表明,沙漠公路特殊的环境条件,使得驾驶员表现出有别于一般绿洲公路的心理和行为特性,其主要表现在:驾驶员动体视力较静体视力的平均降幅为44.75%,最高竟达到93%;速度估计和复杂反应时间均小于全国平均;复杂反应错误次数和处置判断错误次数均高于绿洲公路。灰色关联分析表明,沙漠公路驾驶员的年龄、驾龄、驾车时间以及气温与驾驶员的各项生理、心理特性指标都具有较强的相关性,关联度最高达到0.837,其中驾车时间对各项指标的影响最大。     

雾霾时车辆尾气排放对驾驶员能见度的影响

针对北京道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度的影响问题,建立了雾霾时车辆尾气排放与驾驶员道路能见度关系模型。该模型以车辆为单元建立车辆尾气排放元胞,考虑了车辆尾气排放后的污染物物理和化学变化,并以车道中的尾气排放位置截面及截面单元、交叉口处的尾气排放位置区间为模型单元。为验证该模型,于2016年10月-2017年2月和2017年10月-2018年2月,在北京地区部分路网检测了驾驶员道路能见度等数据,并统计了各时段驾驶员道路能见度的分布情况。对建立的关系模型进行仿真,结果表明,该关系模型的仿真结果与实际检测数据的误差占比平均值小于4. 98%,验证了该关系模型用于描述北京市道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度影响的有效性。     

夜间动态环境中空间距离驾驶员判识变化

为研究驾驶员在夜间地面动态环境中距离判识变化的规律,改进行车安全.选取32名驾驶员进行实际道路试验.被试在自车行进方向不同的深度距离、车速下,判识前方障碍物的绝对距离和相对距离.统计距离判识值,得出夜间距离判识值数据分布,取得距离判识特征值.回归分析判识距离与速度的关系,建立障碍物判识变化的数学模型.比较昼夜距离判识差异,分析其对夜间行车安伞的影响.结果表明:在车辆行驶深度方向,夜间距离判识值随速度增加而不断下降,两者之间呈负指数关系;在相同深度距离和速度下,夜间判识距离大于昼间;夜间行车时,需适当降低车速,确保有效的安伞距离.     

Health, safety, self-regulation and the older driver: It's not just a matter of age

Problem

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of age and health on patterns of driving and self-regulation among older adults who still drive.

Method

This analysis presents the results of a nationwide survey of drivers who are 50 + (N = 3,824, 53.11% response rate), focusing on questions about the impact of their self-reported health on attitudes toward and self-regulation of driving.

Results

The data indicate that as age increases, so too does reported self-regulation of driving, increasing sharply among those ages 70 and older. The data also indicate that respondent's reported confidence in driving and their enjoyment of driving decline as they age. Health status bears a significant relationship with all three of these variables, positively related to confidence in driving skills and to enjoyment in driving, but negatively related to self-regulation reports. As self-reported health declines, respondent's report engages in greater voluntary restrictions of their driving.

Discussion

All too often, the driving decision is linked primarily to chronological age. Analysis done here indicates that age alone is not the best indicator of self-regulation and how older adults change their driving behaviors.

Summary

This research presents the results of a nationwide survey of 50+ drivers and their self-reported driving, self-regulation behaviors, and health status. Strong support was found for the argument that chronological age is not an adequate measure of self-regulating behaviors and driver safety among those 50+. In particular, it was found that a person's health status and the interaction between age and health are essential considerations in the decisions around self-regulation and driving. People tend to self-regulate more with age, but the effect becomes much more pronounced as health status declines.

Impact on industry

In the coming years, if older adults can't get to where they want to go and continue to be viable consumers in our national fabric, all industries will eventually suffer. Transportation is a key component to the nation's social contract with older individuals and their families.     

驾驶中使用手机对驾驶员行为安全绩效影响综述

驾驶中使用手机与交通事故之间存在着高度相关性。为揭示使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,探索影响驾驶安全的理论机制,采取更有效的干预措施,结合近10 a来相关研究,综述了与驾驶安全密切相关的驾驶分心问题,主要包括:驾驶员分心的定义及其分类;使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,如反应时(RT)、行车速度、路线保持和跟车距离;手机使用对驾驶员分心影响的理论机制,如信息加工理论和计划行为理论(TPB)。分析表明,使用手机会导致驾驶员的反应时延长15%～40%,驾驶路线发生明显偏移,对于行车速度减缓和跟车距离延长的假设需结合驾驶员主客观数据进行比较做进一步验证;驾驶过程中使用手机会增加驾驶员的认知负荷,TPB能够对使用手机行为进行有效的解释和预测,但对该理论中基于信念测量的研究还很少;除手机操作任务,影响驾驶员分心的其他操作任务还需做进一步的研究。     

Field Evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor

Passive alcohol sensors (PAS) are screening devices designed to sample nonintrusively the ambient air around a driver's mouth to determine the presence of alcohol. Studies have shown that PAS devices can aid police officers in the identification of unpaired drivers, particularly at sobriety checkpoints. Data from a 1996 nationwide survey, in which 5,392 drivers were evaluated for alcohol using both the PAS III (a passive sensor housed in a flashlight) and evidential breath test devices, have allowed the determination of appropriate criteria at various blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for detecting impaired drivers in the field. Using the appropriate criteria, the PAS III can identify about 75% of the drivers with BACs at or above 0.10%, and 70% at or above 0.08%. This is a vast improvement over the 40-50% detection rate currently achieved by police officers at checkpoints not using sensors. Using the PAS III few drivers would be identified inappropriately. At the criterion recommended for detecting BACs at or above 0.08%, about 14% of drivers with BACs of 0.02-0.05% would be incorrectly identified as having a higher BAC. Field studies have shown that when police officers rely on observation alone about 20% of drivers with low BACs are detained for further evaluation. More widespread use of passive sensors by police officers would aid in the detection of drinking drivers. Sensors also could provide an additional deterrent to the general public if they believe that when stopped by the police after drinking they will be detained for further evaluation.