Analysis of products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures

Waste plastics in the form of two examples of real world municipal solid waste plastics and a simulated mixture of municipal waste plastics were pyrolysed and liquefied under moderate temperature and pressure in a batch autoclave reactor. In addition, the five main polymers which constitute the majority of plastics occurring in European municipal solid waste comprising, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were also reacted. The plastics were reacted under both a nitrogen (pyrolysis) and hydrogen pressure (liquefaction) and the yield and composition of products are reported. The hydrocarbon gases produced were mainly methane, ethane, propane and lower concentrations of alkene gases. A mainly oil product was produced with the mixed plastic waste with significant concentrations of aromatic compounds, including single ring aromatic compounds. The composition of the oils and gases suggested that there was significant interaction of the plastics when they were pyrolysed and liquefied as a mixture compared to the results expected from reactions of the single plastics.     

Noncatalytic liquefaction of tar with low-temperature hydrothermal treatment

Water at hydrothermal and supercritical conditions is considered a promising solvent for the degradation of hazardous waste into harmless compounds. Tar liquefaction experiments were conducted using a batch-type reactor at temperatures between 623 K and 673 K and at pressures between 25 and 40 MPa. A reaction mechanism for tar liquefaction is proposed. Moreover, on the basis of the experimental results, this method could become an efficient method for tar liquefaction, producing high yields of valuable chemical intermediates.     

煤炭高效洁净化的途径和前景

煤炭占我国能源消费结构的首位，它排放出大量污染物，必须从它的勘探，生产，利用和消费的全过程进行治理，特别是采用选煤，煤的气化，经和洁净燃烧等措施，才能达到煤炭高效洁净化的目的。     

Fractionation of heavy metals in liquefied chromated copper arsenate 9-treated wood sludge using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood was liquefied with polyethylene glycol/glycerin and sulfuric acid. After liquefaction, most CCA metals (98% As, 92% Cr, and 83% Cu) were removed from liquefied CCA-treated wood by precipitation with calcium hydroxide. The original CCA-treated wood and liquefied CCA-treated wood sludge were fractionated by a modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The purpose of the BCR-sequential extraction used in this study was to examine the availability of CCA metals in treated wood for reuse. Both As and Cr had a slightly higher concentration in the sludge sample than in original CCA-treated wood. The sequential extraction showed that As and Cr were principally existed in an oxidizable fraction (As, 67%; Cr, 88%) in original CCA-treated wood. Only 1% of both As and Cr were extracted by hot nitric acid with the last extraction step. The distribution of As and Cr changed markedly in liquefied CCA-treated wood sludge.The amount of As in the exchangeable/acid extractable fraction increased from 16% to 85% while the amount of Cr increased from 3% to 54%. Only about 3% of As was present in the oxidizable fraction. However, there was still about 34% of Cr in the same fraction. Based on these results from sequential extraction procedures, it can be concluded that the accessibilities of CCA metals increase markedly by the liquefaction–precipitation process.     

强震地面破坏预测的宏观经验

本文根据工程实践中经常遇到的问题，利用近代国内外强震的大量震害资料和有关研究成果，阐述了强震引发砂土液化、崩塌滑坡和地面断裂等地震地质灾害发生的规律性，可直接用于强震地面破坏的宏观定性评估，也可供地震动和地震地面破坏的理论模型分析参考。     

碎石桩处理可液化地基加密效用的理论分析

以弹塑性理论为基础,将沉管碎石桩的成桩过程视为半无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,推导了碎石桩处理可液化地基的有效影响范围。考虑超孔隙水压力消散的影响,结合超孔隙水压力计算公式,对碎石桩的加密效用进行了理论分析,并给出了碎石桩加密效用的理论计算公式。最后,结合工程实例,验证了所给公式的正确性。碎石桩处理可液化地基加密效用的理论,为工程设计中碎石桩间距离的确定,提供了理论依据;该理论计算的结果,对碎石桩复合地基加固效果的判断、碎石桩地基处理应用范围的确定等有重要参考价值。     

碎石桩复合地基抗液化判别方法研究现状与分析

针对目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化判别方法的研究现状进行了简要归纳和分析 ,其研究结果表明 :已有的判别方法存在着较大的局限性 ,还不能很好地反映碎石桩的排水效应、减震效应及各效应的综合作用 ;桩径、桩长、桩距等加固参数对加固效果的影响还不能在判别标准中得到合理的体现。最后 ,笔者对今后的研究工作提了几点建议     

Influence of global warming on coastal infrastructural instability

The increasing infrastructure instability is an important issue in relation to the influences of global climate change in urban areas. A serious issue pertaining to this is the dual nature of damage triggered by events combined with climate change and natural hazards. For example, catastrophic damage could result from the combination of global warming with a great earthquake, which is a worst-case scenario. Although this worst-case scenario has rarely occurred and presents a low probability of occurrence, countermeasures must be prepared in advance based on an appropriate response and adaptation strategies. After an overview of possible infrastructural instabilities caused by global warming, methodologies are proposed placing emphasis on the increasing probability of infrastructural instability triggered by natural hazards resulting from groundwater-level (GWL) variations. These effects are expected to be particularly serious in coastal regions because of the influence of the rising sea level resulting from global warming. The influence of sea-level rises (SLR) will become apparent along with land subsidence because groundwater abstraction will become severe in coastal regions. Additionally, the probability of earthquake liquefaction increases if GWL rises in accompaniment with SLR. Using case histories, we examined the possible occurrence of these natural hazards as a result of global warming. Finally, possible countermeasures and adaptation strategies for reducing and mitigating infrastructure damage accelerated by global warming are described for each case in specific regions. In particular, special attention should be paid to adaptation strategies in coastal lowlands, which particularly suffer from the effects of land subsidence.