浸没式MBR工艺在工程化应用中膜污染的三阶段特征研究

以国内某浸没式MBR再生水工程为研究对象,在次临界通量及恒抽吸流量运行条件下,系统跨膜压差表现为早期短暂升高、中期平稳上升及后期快速升高的三阶段特征。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察证明MBR系统在三阶段的膜污染层具有不同的水力学结构。结合各阶段膜污染的理论分析,将临界跨膜压差值(TMP)作为膜系统体外维护清洗的控制点,实现膜系统的长期稳定运行。     

活性炭纤维脱除二氧化碳的实验研究

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)作为吸附材料,研究了ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸、脱分离特性。结果表明,粘胶基活性炭纤维(V-ACF)和聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)对CO_2和N_2都表现出较好的吸附效果,其中V-ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸附系数高达9,说明ACF是很好的吸附分离材料。ACF对不同烟气浓度和温度下对CO_2吸附的结果说明,ACF对于高浓度CO_2更易于脱除;讨论了ACF在不同解析温度或时间对吸附的影响和ACF的热稳定性,结果表明,在较高解析温度或者较长解析时间下更加容易脱除CO_2,且再生时间短,最佳的解析时间为15 min。经过相同的多次实验,ACF的性能稳定,再生效率稳定在86%。     

Preparation and application of efficient TiO2/ACFs photocatalyst

Activated carbon fibers （ACFs） supported titanium dioxide （TiO2） photocatalyst was developed by sol-gel method. The surface morphology and microstructure of the photocatalyst were characterized with scan electron microscope（SEM）, X-ray diffraction patterns and specific surface area analysis. The prepared photocatalyst is specially helpful for the removal of low molecular weight organic pollutants in wastewater. Decomposition efficiency of methylene blue solution by TiO2/ACFs catalyst reached almost 100% under 60 min reaction, while the decomposition efficiency by pure TiO2 was only 25% under 3 h reaction. The mineralization of toluene aqueous solution was measured by total organic carbon instrument, and the evolution of intermediate species was detected by gas chromatograph instrument. The results indicated that the prepared photocatalyst not only enhanced the photoactivity of TiO2, but also suppressed the emergence of intermediate species, which may be more deleterious to human. The enhancement of photocatalysis was due to increased efficiency of adsorption and desorption, which were control steps in heterogeneous photocatalysis.     

Physical Properties and Fiber Morphology of Poly(lactic acid) Obtained from Continuous Two-Step Melt Spinning

Fibers of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) produced by two-step melt-spinning are studied. The PLA resin used contains a 98:02 ratio of l:d stereochemical centers. A range of processing conditions is explored. The cold-draw ratio is varied from 1 to 8 under conditions of constant heating. In addition, three draw ratios are studied at three different heating rates. The thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the resultant fibers are determined. Properties can be widely manipulated through a combination of draw ratio and draw temperature. A maximum tensile strength and modulus of 0.38 GPa and 3.2 GPa, respectively, are obtainable. Using atomic force microscopy, the fiber morphology is found to be highly fibrillar; microfibril diameters are roughly 40 nm in diameter. Very high draw ratios cause the fiber to turn from shiny and translucent to dull and white; this transition is attributed to surface crazing. Significant molecular weight loss is observed upon processing (weight-average molecular weights drops between 27% and 43%).     

倒置A2/O-MBR处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP、出水SS、跨膜压差(TMP)的影响.结果表明,该系统对COD、NH4+-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB 18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg.L-1;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达90%左右;在膜丝未大量断裂前,系统出水SS小于10mg.L-1;随着系统的运行,TMP逐渐增大,不正确的曝气方式会导致TMP迅速增加.膜截留对COD、TP、SS有直接去除作用,由于膜滤出水中没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌在反应器中生长;当污泥浓度增加到6 500 mg.L-1左右,进水量增加0.5倍对出水水质影响很小.     

含羧基和吡啶基两性离子交换纤维的交换吸附性能研究

采用原子吸收光谱等手段研究羧基／吡啶基弱酸弱碱两性纤维对水溶液中各种离子的交换吸附性能，实验结果表明所制两性离子交换纤维对Cu^2 ,Cr^3 和Mg^2 离子有良好的吸附能力，酸碱基团比例接近时两性纤维的吸附容量最高。     

活性炭纤维三维电极电催化降解水中间甲酚——效能及影响因素研究

探讨了以活性炭纤维作为三维粒子电极电氧化降解水中间甲酚的可行性与效果.首先对活性炭纤维的表面形貌,比表面积,孔结构和表面官能团情况进行了表征,发现活性炭纤维（ACFs）以单束纤维的结构交叉排列而成,比表面积较大（>1480m²/g）,另外发现活性炭纤维的表面存在较多官能团种类.结合活性炭纤维表征结果,论文对活性炭纤维三维电极的相关影响因素进行了考察,研究了活性炭纤维种类,活性炭纤维与电极的接触方式以及反应溶液初始pH值对实验结果的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维表面过多的含氧官能团不利于污染物的快速降解,而三维电极电氧化效果随着pH值的降低而显著增大,不同的电极接触方式对三维电极电氧化效果也有较大影响.     

椭圆纤维过滤压降与惯性捕集效率数值分析

采用数值方法求解了描述椭圆截面纤维绕流特征的Navier-Stokes方程,并计算了椭圆纤维对粒子惯性捕集效率及纤维过滤压降.分析讨论了椭圆纤维迎风角度θ、长短轴比ε和填充率C等参数对惯性粒子过滤性能的影响.结果表明,在大迎风角度时,过滤压降随长短轴比增大而增大,而在小迎风角度下,过滤压降则随长短轴比增大而减小;在相同纤维长短轴比条件下,过滤压降均随迎风角增大而增加.粒子惯性捕集效率计算结果则表明,对于中高惯性粒子捕集,大迎风角度和高长短轴比的椭圆纤维的捕集效率高于圆截面纤维,而对弱惯性粒子,小迎风角度和高长短轴比的椭圆纤维则表现出较高的捕集效率.在椭圆纤维过滤压降和捕集效率计算基础上,采用纤维过滤质量因子（定义为捕集效率比过滤阻力）评价综合过滤性能.结果表明,对于中高惯性粒子过滤,扁长型椭圆纤维（即为高长短轴比ε）在迎风角约为θ=45°时质量因子总体较高,即具有较优的综合过滤性能;而对弱惯性粒子,则扁长型椭圆纤维长轴平行来流方向（θ=0°）时,总体过滤性能较优.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of trimethoprim with sulfate as an electron acceptor

Anaerobic biodegradation of trimethoprim (TMP) coupled with sulfate reduction. Demethylation of TMP is the first step in the acclimated microbial consortia. The potential degraders and fermenters were enriched in the acclimated consortia. Activated sludge and river sediment had similar core microbiomes. Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic frequently detected in various environments. Microorganisms are the main drivers of emerging antibiotic contaminant degradation in the environment. However, the feasibility and stability of the anaerobic biodegradation of TMP with sulfate as an electron acceptor remain poorly understood. Here, TMP-degrading microbial consortia were successfully enriched from municipal activated sludge (AS) and river sediment (RS) as the initial inoculums. The acclimated consortia were capable of transforming TMP through demethylation, and the hydroxyl-substituted demethylated product (4-desmethyl-TMP) was further degraded. The biodegradation of TMP followed a 3-parameter sigmoid kinetic model. The potential degraders (Acetobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Desulfobulbus, and unidentified Peptococcaceae) and fermenters (Lentimicrobium and Petrimonas) were significantly enriched in the acclimated consortia. The AS- and RS-acclimated TMP-degrading consortia had similar core microbiomes. The anaerobic biodegradation of TMP could be coupled with sulfate respiration, which gives new insights into the antibiotic fate in real environments and provides a new route for the bioremediation of antibiotic-contaminated environments.     

水解酸化处理黄麻生物脱胶废水试验

针对黄麻生物脱胶废水浓度高、处理难度大的问题,采用水解酸化与膜生物反应器组合工艺对黄麻生物脱胶废水进行了处理试验。考察水解酸化池对COD、氨氮、木质素等的去除效果;并通过调节试验条件,考察水力停留时间、pH值、温度等因素对水解酸化效果的影响,得出处理黄麻生物脱胶废水的最佳实验条件。结果表明,水解酸化预处理工艺提高了废水的可生化性,对COD、氨氮均有较高的去处效率,对于降低纤维素的聚合度、促成纤维素的水解起到了关键的作用,为后续的好氧处理创造了有利条件。试验在水力停留时间10 h下,COD与氨氮去处率最高分别达35%,40%;影响水解酸化的因素主要为pH值和水力停留时间。