钾浓度对茴香植株生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响

为了揭示钾浓度对植物生长发育和次生代谢产物——精油累积的影响特性及其内在关系,采用水培方法,以日本园试配方中钾含量为标准1K,设计1/8K、1/4K、1/2K、1K和2K处理,研究了不同钾浓度对茴香Foeniculum vulgare Mill.生长发育、精油含量和组分的影响.结果表明:不同钾浓度处理对植株形态(茴香分枝数、节数和花序数)、生物量(地上部鲜质量、全株鲜质量和全株干质量)、碳、氮含量(全氮、蛋白氮、全碳、可溶性糖、C/N)、精油含量、单株精油产量和色素含量(Chl.a、Chl.b、CAR.、Chl.a+b、Chl.a/b)影响显著,综合认为1K为利于茴香初生代谢产物累积(生长发育)的最佳处理,而1/4K、1/8K和1K为利于次生代谢产物累积(精油含量)的较好处理;相关分析表明,精油含量与全碳含量(r=0.72)、可溶性糖含量(r=0.70)成极显著正相关;单株精油产量与全氮含量(r=0.49)呈显著正相关.不同钾浓度处理茴香精油均鉴定出23种成分,其中17种成分的相对含量差异显著.精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为74.75%~79.15%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为8.25%~14.81%,第三主要成分莳萝芹菜脑相对含量2.04%~3.82%,处理间均差异显著.结论:钾浓度不但影响茴香的生长发育,还影响着茴香次生代谢产物精油的含量、产量和成分组成比例;适宜的钾浓度(1K)可以实现茴香初生代谢产物累积(生长发育)与次生代谢产物累积(精油产量)均高的结果.     

Ozone kinetics of dimethyl sulfide in the presence of water vapor

The outdoor smog chamber was used to thorough investigate the rate constants of gas-phase reaction between dimethyl sulfide （DMS） and ozone （O3） under conditions of relative humidity 55.0%-67.8% at （296±2）K for the first time. The rate constants were measured, at a total pressure of 1 atm, to be （10.4±0.2） × 10^-19 cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 67.5%±0.3% at 298K, （10.1±0.1） × 10^-19cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 66.5%±0.5% at 296K, （7.75±0.39） × 10^-19cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 64.8%± 0.1% at 294K and （3.42±0.21） × 10^-19cm^3·molecu- le^-1·s^-1at relative humidity of 55.8%±0.8% at 295K. Base on these results, it is possible to see the reaction of O3/ DMS in the presence of water vapor as an important sink for DMS in the earth atmosphere.     

水汽对光腔衰荡光谱系统（CRDS）法测定CH_4的影响

分析了CRDS法测定CH4浓度与水汽含量间的关系,并建立了水汽含量在0.50%—2.45%（体积比,以V/V表示,下同）范围内的有效校正方法.采用CRDS法对水汽含量为0.93%的CH4标气进行多次测量,测量值经校正后与理论值的偏差均小于2.0×10-9（体积比,以V/V表示,下同）,最大偏差1.8×10-9,优于大气本底CH4观测质控标准.校正瓦里关站CRDS系统试运行期间的CH4实测数据（水汽含量为0.50%—2.45%）,与该站气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器系统（GC-FID系统,下同）同期测量结果相比,38.48%的数据偏差小于2.0×10-9,说明在系统未配备超低温冷阱除水单元之前,本文研究的校正方法适用于观测数据的校正.     

助剂强化罐底油泥的压滤脱水性能

采用实验室压滤装置对胜利油田某联合站罐底清罐油泥进行压滤脱水研究,采用单独添加助滤剂G、絮凝剂PAM或PAC均可改善过滤效果,提高滤速,降低过滤比阻。但仅使用助滤剂G时滤速的提高尚不够理想,单独使用絮凝剂PAM或PAC时,滤饼含水率偏高,滤饼不易从滤布上剥离;絮凝剂PAM 0.1%与助滤剂G 3.0%复配,滤饼比阻由空白样的18.7×1012 m/kg降低到0.05×1012 m/kg,3 min即可使滤饼含水率降到74.16%,滤液澄清,滤饼成形性好,较仅添加絮凝剂PAM时,更容易从滤布上剥离。     

油田储油罐非甲烷总挥发实验及仿真模拟

针对油田单井拉油罐非密封生产带来的油气泄漏问题,建立小型原油储油罐挥发损耗实验模拟平台,通过气相色谱法探究各因素对其损耗的影响,利用Fluent仿真软件模拟储油罐的泄漏扩散。结果表明:储液温度和有无风环境对储油罐非甲烷总烃(NMHC)挥发影响较大,储液高度和环境温度对其影响较小;仿真模拟无风环境下,储油罐泄漏口短时间内存在油气积聚现象;有风环境下,当风速为1 m/s,油气积聚不明显;随风速增大,扩散浓度场面积不断增大,油品损耗量增大,在风速为5 m/s的环境下,扩散300 s时的浓度场面积相比扩散200 s时较小,但泄漏口处的油气积聚面积增大。     

Occupational accident rate in olive oil mills

Problem

This paper aims at examining the occupational accident rate in Spain in the olive oil mill industry. These mills produce olive oil by physical or mechanical, but not chemical procedures. Although Spain is the leading olive oil producer in the world with 1,200,000 tons/year and over 25% of the world olive farming area, the occupational accident rate in this sector has been little studied in the relevant scientific literature.

Method

Our study analyses all occupational accidents which occurred during 2004-2009, with or without sick leave, at 90 Andalusian olive oil mills covered by one of the biggest state insurance companies for accidents at work and occupational diseases (within the Spanish Social Security system).

Results and discussion

Slips or trips are the most frequent cause of occupational accidents in this sector, accounting for 14.86% of the cases. In second position, incorrectly coordinated bodily movements account for almost 13.51% of the accidents. Falls from height, 12.2% of the cases, are also statistically noteworthy. As for the seriousness of the injuries, entrapments are particularly important, since in 2.70% of the cases they result in the traumatic amputation of a part of the body. The analysis of accidents without sick leave reveals that a high number of incidents are caused by contact of the skin and eyes with hazardous substances (20% of the cases) and 10% of them involve superficial injuries.

Impact on the industry

This paper provides a clear and updated image of the accident rate in Spanish olive oil mills and can be a useful tool for the design and adequate adjustment of the management systems implemented in these plants to guarantee a satisfactory level of occupational health and safety by means of more efficient planning and monitoring of measures intended to reduce professional risks and improve working conditions.

Recommendations

Given not only the high incidence of falls on the same level and the potential seriousness of falls from different levels, but also the small, round fruit involved, with a high oil content and a hard round stone, it is extremely important to design and implement safe working procedures and specifically train both operatives and managers in charge of the tidiness, cleanliness and regular control of the premises and operations. The analysis of the accidents not requiring sick leave (mostly cases of contact with hazardous substances on the skin or eyes, or superficial injuries) clearly reveals that the use of suitable personal protective equipment and the relevant training are crucial issues.     

一株低温高效植物油降解菌的驯化筛选及固定化研究

为了解决因低温而导致的废水中油脂难以处理的问题,从冬季重庆大学餐厅排污管道的底泥中分离出1株可低温降解植物油的菌株DJ-1。将此菌株多次驯化培养后,在5℃条件下利用其对含20g/L菜籽油复筛培养基的模拟含油废水进行处理。经过3 d处理,可去除废水中70.63%的植物油。经16S rDNA测序分析,该菌株为假单胞菌的一个未定种属(相似度为99%)。使用泥炭和木屑作为固定化载体,按照m(泥炭)∶m(木屑)∶m(菌液)=1∶4∶20的比例将扩培后的DJ-1菌剂制作成细菌固定化菌粉。在5℃条件下利用菌粉对含20 g/L菜籽油复筛培养基的模拟含油废水进行处理,菌粉投加量为0.15 g/L。经过3 d处理,废水中植物油的降解率达到77.34%,5 d后达到85.22%。     

杏子河沉积物中石油污染物释放实验研究

以延安市安塞县境内杏子河中游主河道水体沉积物为研究对象,研究石油类污染物对上覆水体的二次污染规律。研究表明,在实验条件下,沉积物中石油污染物达到释放平衡的时间为16~18 d,上覆水体二次污染的质量浓度分别达到2.8 mg/L和3.5 mg/L;通过释放前后沉积物的石油含量对比发现,沉积物表层10 cm厚度对水体的污染贡献最大,是造成水体二次污染的主要源头。根据沉积物组分分析,杏子河沉积物中共检测出11种烷烃,7种多环芳烃。通过释放前后峰面积比较发现,碳原子数在12和17之间的烷烃容易进入水体,成为杏子河石油污染物的主要组成部分。另外,杏子河多环芳烃污染的主要组份是苊、芴、异丙基萘、菲、蒽、苯并[a]芘。     

菜籽油直接胺解法制备咪唑啉衍生物的缓蚀性能研究

为了降低原料成本,减少三废污染,以菜籽油和羟乙基乙二胺为原料,采用潜溶剂法合成咪唑啉中间体IM-1,再分别与氯化苄和氨基磺酸进行改性,得到阳离子咪唑啉衍生物IM-2和两性咪唑啉衍生物IM-3。应用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成产物进行鉴定。从中优选出1种与助剂KI(20∶1)复配,得到复配缓蚀体系IM-4。利用挂片法评价了该复配体系IM-4的缓蚀性能,并探究了其在A3钢表面的成膜性能。利用扫描电镜观察了加入IM-4前后A3钢的表面形貌,并与常用缓蚀剂进行了缓蚀性能的比较。结果表明,该缓蚀体系IM-4在盐酸溶液中对A3钢具有较强的缓蚀性能,静态缓蚀率为88.62%~98.98%,动态缓蚀率为86.76%~95.85%。     

光纤光栅感温火灾报警系统探测器在外浮顶原油罐上敷设间距的研究

光纤光栅感温火灾报警系统在石油化工行业储罐区等易燃易爆场所得到应用,但目前尚没有相关的国家级设计规范,且安徽省和湖北省地方设计规范关于感温探测器敷设间距的要求存在较大差异,有必要开展深入研究。以外浮顶原油罐为例进行研究,获得了差温和定温两种探测方式在两种敷设高度下,其敷设间距与罐径之间的关系表达式,二者呈正相关。研究结果表明,初起阶段火源功率与罐径呈线性关系且火源功率较小,按照地方规范设置敷设间距时,难以对其进行及时探测,应加大敷设密度;差温探测比定温探测方式具有更为快速探测报警优势且可以设置较大的敷设间距。