贵阳市大气颗粒物PM2.5来源初探

2011年4月12-5月2日观测期间,贵阳市PM2.5的中位值浓度为70.88μg/m3,与全国其他城市相比,处于较低水平。通过富集因子法判断贵阳市PM2.5中Al、Fe、Mg、Ti地壳元素来源于土壤,S、Cl、Cu、Zn、Se、As、Br、Pb、Ni、P和Mn来源于各种人为污染源;Se、As和S元素的高富集反映了贵阳市燃煤污染的特征,Pb、Cu、Zn、Br、Ni、Cl等元素的富集反映机动车、工业污染等的影响。PM2.5中的TC浓度略高于其他城市,EC略低于其他城市,OC、二次OC浓度相对其他城市在相同季节较高。     

新疆伊犁河谷沙漠沉积不同粒径组分的地球化学元素分布特征

本文通过对伊犁河谷西部塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠内的可克达拉（TKP）剖面典型层位样品 的不同粒级组分地球化学元素分析,探究西风环流控制的沙漠沉积区元素特征和化学风化指标 在不同粒级组分中的分布特征。研究结果表明TKP 剖面Na 和Sr 元素趋向于在粗粒级中富集; Fe、Mg、Al、Rb 元素趋向于细粒级中富集,K 元素含量随粒径增大先升高再降低,16 ~ 32 μm 粒 级处出现谷值;Ti 元素含量与粒度关系不明确。CIA、Rb/Sr 随粒级增大逐渐降低,Na2O/Al2O3、 Na2O/K2O、K2O/Al2O3 随粒级增大逐渐升高。TKP 剖面地球化学元素和比值在<2 μm、2~16 μm、 16 ~32 μm 细粒级组分不同粒级间变化较为剧烈,32~ 63 μm、63~125 μm、>125 μm 粗粒级组分 变化则不明显,而且粗粒级组分在剖面中的变化也比较稳定。剖面整体风化程度较弱,因此这 种现象可能是物源不统一造成的,为塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠具有物源多样性特点的观点提供了地球 化学元素方面的证据。     

8种矿质元素在苗期水稻中的积累特性

选择广东省近年常见的15个水稻品种,用受污土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了相同外部条件下水稻积累重金属Cd、Cu、Zn和营养矿质元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe的规律。结果显示,Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量范围为:3 983~6 115、252.2~732.6、25 312~33 288、2 115~3 336、95.77~2 837、6.54~24.77、11.98~21.23、53.33~97.81 mg/kg,水稻品种间对重金属Cd、营养矿质元素Fe的吸收累积差异显著,且其变异系数分别达到了33.28%、38.36%。Cd与Ca、Mg及Zn表现出显著的相关性,Cu与Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Zn均有显著相关性,Zn与除K外的其他测试元素均有显著相关性。     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.     

Oxidative capacities of size-segregated haze particles in a residential area of Beijing

The frequent haze days around the Chinese capital of Beijing in recent years have aroused great attention owing to the detrimental efects on visibility and public health. To discover the potential health efects of the haze, oxidative capacities of airborne particles collected in Beijing during haze and clear days were comparably assessed by a plasmid scission assay. Eleven water-soluble trace elements(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Se, Tl, and Zn) in the size-segregated airborne particles were quantitatively analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and most of the watersoluble trace elements were found to mainly concentrate in the fine particle size of 0.56–1.0 μm. In comparison with clear days, the mass concentrations of 11 analyzed water-soluble trace elements remarkably increased during haze days, and the oxidative capacities determined by the plasmid scission assay were markedly elevated accordingly during the haze days under the same dosage of particles as for those during clear days. Water-soluble trace elements in airborne particles, such as Cu, V, and particularly Zn, were found to have significantly positive correlations with the plasmid DNA damage rates. Because Cu, V, and Zn have been considered as bioavailable elements, the evident increase of these elements during haze days may be greatly harmful to human health.     

Absorption characteristics of elemental mercury in mercury chloride solutions

Elemental mercury （Hg^0） in flue gases can be efficiently captured by mercury chloride （HgCl2） solution. However, the absorption behaviors and the influencing effects are still poorly understood. The mechanism of Hg^0 absorption by HgCl2 and the factors that control the removal were studied in this paper. It was found that when the mole ratio of Cl^- to HgCl2 is 10：1, the Hg^0 removal efficiency is the highest. Among the main mercury chloride species, HgCl3^- is the most efficient ion for Hg^0 removal in the HgCl2 absorption system when moderate concentrations of chloride ions exist. The Hg^0 absorption reactions in the aqueous phase were investigated computationaIIy using Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. The calculated Gibbs free energies and energy barriers are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from experiments. In the presence of SO3^2- and SO2, Hg^2＋ reduction occurred and Hg^0 removal efficiency decreased. The reduced Hg^0 removal can be controlled through increased chloride concentration to some degree. Low pH value in HgCla solution enhanced the Hg^0 removal efficiency, and the effect was more significant in dilute HgCl2 solutions. The presence of SO4^2- and NO3^- did not affect Hg^0 removal by HgCl2.     

绍兴部分河道水中重金属的检测及污染评估

为探索绍兴部分河道水中重金属元素的含量,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)方法测定绍兴河道水中铬、锰、铁、汞、铅、镍、锡、镉、砷、铜、锌和钴12种重金属元素含量。参照国家有关标准,对重金属检测结果进行与国标标准限值进行比较而达到对重金属的污染评价。结果表明:绍兴部分河流不存在重金属污染情况,但个别元素接近标准限值。     

PM_(2.5)细颗粒物捕集设备研究应用现状

PM2.5细颗粒物因其粒径小、吸附能力强、环境影响大,同时捕集困难而成为备受世界各国关注的大气环境问题,我国也将PM2.5作为空气质量标准的一项新指标。结合现有的标准和技术条件,对PM2.5细颗粒物有高效捕集效果的新型袋式除尘器、湿式电除尘器、电凝并器、电—袋混合式除尘器,特别是无机膜过滤器的特点、研究应用现状及存在问题进行了概述。     

催化氧化法烟气脱汞研究进展

烟气汞污染是被世界公认为继燃煤硫污染之后的又一大污染问题。催化氧化脱汞反应是元素汞转化的重要途径。综述了国内外催化氧化法烟气脱汞方法,着重讨论了选择性催化还原法(SCR)、光催化氧化法、膜催化氧化法和催化氧化法4种烟气脱汞技术,并对该领域今后的发展趋势进行展望。     

繁茂膜海绵间接清除养殖海水中营养盐的研究

以研究清除养殖海水中营养盐的技术方法为目的,借助微藻吸收海水中无机盐的属性和海绵泵入海水从中阻留消化微藻的能力,设计了潮间带海绵间接清除海水中营养盐的方法,即先用小球藻吸收海水中无机N、P营养盐,然后放入海绵用于阻留消化海水中的微藻,接着取出海绵以保持小球藻继续吸收无机N、P营养盐。在灭菌海水和养殖海水的体系(5 L)中,微藻初始密度分别为81×104/mL和77×104/mL、放入海绵的生物量约40 g(鲜重),在保持水体中小球藻密度与接种密度相同水平条件下,海水中无机N、P营养盐浓度分别减少约60%和90%,海绵生物量增加约5%~7%。繁茂膜海绵间接清除海水中无机N、P营养盐的技术方法在封闭海水养殖体系和工厂化海水养殖体系中具有很好的应用前景。