滇池沉积物中磷的释放行为研究

滇池分为草海和外海两个水体,且草海污染较外海严重,但是外海的藻类爆发的频率和强度都高于草海。通过实验室模拟,研究了滇池草海与外海沉积物中磷的释放行为及其藻类爆发程度不同的原因。结果表明,两个沉积物中磷的释放动力学都表现了非单一的扩散过程,拟二级动力学模型可以较好描述释放过程。草海比外海总磷高7倍,但是在水中的释放只高2倍。对两个沉积物而言,由于与表面附着的磷有竞争作用,溶解胡敏酸的加入都显著增大了磷的释放。与草海相比,外海的水交换速率慢、水深浅、沉积物有机质含量低、内源磷释放强以及对外源磷缓冲能力弱,这些特征都是有利于藻类爆发的条件。研究表明抑制滇池藻类爆发要同时考虑对外源磷和内源磷的控制。     

滇池湖滨带沉积物磷的空间分布

采集了滇池湖滨带的表层和柱状沉积物,研究分析了湖滨带沉积物中总磷、钙磷和铁铝结合态磷的空间分布和垂向分布特征。结果表明,滇池湖滨带表层沉积物总磷含量高,个别点位高达10604.64mg/kg,总磷含量均值为2452mg/kg,沉积物受磷污染严重;不同区域沉积物磷的含量差别较大;表层和柱状沉积物中的钙磷含量都高于铁铝结合态磷,这是滇池湖滨带不同于其他湖泊的地方;柱状沉积物各种磷形态含量在垂向分布上的波动较大,但钙磷和铁铝结合态磷含量水平与总磷具有一致性;13个采样点有12个点的沉积物铁铝结合态磷含量都低于钙磷,两者比值<0.5,钙磷是总磷的主要组成部分,应该考虑环境酸化引起的磷释放风险。     

贝叶斯规整化BPNN定量流域非点源污染负荷研究

将贝叶斯规整化BP神经网络(BRBPNN)应用于渭河流域非点源污染、社会和经济之间相互作用的研究。采用相关系数法确定输入变量为"降雨"、"种植地"、"草地"、"人口密度"和"羊密度",输出变量为总氮负荷。结果表明用BRBPNN定量非点源污染负荷是可行的,综合选择最优网络模型结构为BRBPNN(3c-7-1),其训练集和预测集相关系数分别为1.0000和0.9780,对应的均方误差分别为88.32和3.21×102。采用权值理论分析各输入因子对网络的贡献,依次为"降雨">"羊密度">"种植地"。该研究可为流域非点源污染的治理提供依据。     

参数空间分布对非点源污染模拟的影响

以大宁河流域为研究区域,应用非点源模型SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）,模拟了参数空间分布对流域径流和营养物质流失的影响.利用大宁河流域巫溪水文站2000～2004年的实测数据对模型进行了率定和验证,将流域划分为6种数量不等的子流域,利用相同的模型参数输入,模拟了不同的流域划分方案对径流和营养物质流失的影响.结果表明,不同的流域划分方案,年平均流量的最大相对误差为19.6%,6种方案年平均流量的效率系数为0.52～0.82,月平均流量的效率系数为0.80～0.83,随着子流域数量的增加,径流量出现了先下降、后上升的趋势;有机氮和有机磷的最大相对误差分别为16.2%和7.7%,不同的流域划分方案对营养物质的流失产生了轻微的影响,但没有明显的变化趋势和规律.     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

应用T-RFLP技术分析滇池污染水体的细菌群落

为确定重富营养化湖泊--滇池水体的主要细菌类型与种群结构,本研究运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析了滇池水体9个样点的细菌群落特征及多样性.对各样本的T-RFLP谱图进行聚类分析,结果表明不同地理位置的污染物浓度差异可能是造成细菌群落差异的主要原因.研究同时结合克隆文库技术对各样本T-RFLP谱图中的...     

滇池浮游细菌群落组成的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨滇池湖体浮游细菌群落组成的空间分布特征,并找出影响浮游细菌群落组成分布的主要影响因子,通过16S rRNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析手段研究了滇池湖体夏季由北向南9个采样点浮游细菌的群落结构.结果表明,9个采样点共得到52个不同的片段(T-RFs),且每种片段至少代表一种细菌.各采样点浮游细菌群...     

连续降雨对淡水河流域非点源污染的影响

利用淡水河流域污染物通量站的连续流量水质监测数据,研究了4场连续降雨对流域非点源污染的影响.相关分析结果表明,在连续降雨期间,污染浓度与流域相关性不显著,但NH4+ -N、TP及TN通量与流量之间存在显著相关关系,污染物通量与流量的相关系数大小顺序如下:TP＞NH4+ -N＞TN＞SS＞NO3——N.另外,统计结果表明...     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

政策发布

国务院批准《湘江流域重金属污染治理实施方案》 国务院近日已批准《湘江流域重金属污染治理实施方案》,这是迄今为止,全国第一个获国务院批准的重金属污染治理试点方案。整个《方案》编制工作于2009年7月正式启动,国家成立了以国家发改委为组长单位,环保部、