湖南典型农田土壤有机碳含量及其演变趋势

以湖南省沅江市(28°42′～29°11′N、112°16′～112°56′E)为代表,通过典型样区密集取样分析和同一区域的历史资料比较,研究了洞庭湖区农业用地土壤有机碳的演变趋势,发现稻田土壤有机碳在最近25a中稳步增加,而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量减少.2004年典型样区土壤有机碳均值为(26.66±4.93)g·kg^-1,主要分布区间为20～35g·kg^-1,比1979提高22.64%;其中耕作制度为双季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的28.12g·kg^-1,年均增加量约313.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.15%);耕作制度为一季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的27.25g·kg^-1,年均增加量约278.3mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.16%),耕作制度为水旱轮作的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的23.90g·kg^-1,年均增加量约144.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为0.78%),而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29 g·kg^-1降低到了2004年的18.40g·kg^-1,年均减少量约75.48mg·kg^-1(年递减率为0.37%).方差分析表明,稻田土壤有机碳的增加达到了极显著水平,改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量的减少未达到了显著水平.表明洞庭湖区不同利用类型的土地均是重要的固碳场所,农业用地的土壤有机碳库是大气CO₂循环的“汇”,而不是“源”.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.     

Effects of elevated pO3 on carbon cycle between above and belowground organs of trees

Translocation of carbohydrate from leaves to roots via phloem and reallocation from roots to leaves via xylem regulate the allocation of carbon （C） between above and belowground organs of trees. To quantitatively analyze effects of elevated ozone concentrations pO3 on the internal cycle of C, juvenile beech and spruce were grown in phytotrons and exposed to ambient and elevated pO3 （i.e. twice-ambient O3 levels, restricted to 〈 150 ppb） for two growing seasons. The translocation of C in the phloem and xylem was quantitatively studied by investigating the phloem/xylem-loading of sugars, the differentiation of stem conductive tissue and the hourly water flow through the stem. Results in the present study shown, elevated pO3 significantly decreased C translocation from shoot to roots in beech by reducing both sugar concentration in the phloem and conductive phloem area. Elevated pO3 also significantly decreased C reallocation from the roots to the shoot in beech by reducing both of sugar concentration in the xylem and transpiration rate. The adverse effects of elevated pO3 on C translocation in the phloem and xylem, however, were small in spruce. Contrasting to beech, spruce is less sensitive to elevated pO3, regarding to phloem differentiation and sugar concentrations in the phloem and xylem.     

放射性碳同位素在地表水体有机碳来源示踪中的研究进展

随着加速器质谱分析测试技术的不断发展,天然放射性碳同位素(△14C)被广泛应用于地表水环境研究.地表水(河流、湖泊)有机碳循环在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用.利用放射性碳同位素探究地表水环境有机碳循环,不仅能定量识别有机碳的来源贡献率,还能提供有机碳迁移转化过程的信息.本文综合介绍了放射性碳同位素分析技术原理,比较了溶解...     

微藻利用不同无机碳途径的定量方法

以莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻为实验材料,通过向培养液中添加两种标记δ¹³C的碳酸氢钠来培养微藻。根据获得的微藻藻体的稳定碳同位素组成,运用双同位素示踪模型,成功计算出了微藻利用不同碳源的份额。并通过添加胞外碳酸酐酶特异性抑制剂(AZ),进一步获得了微藻利用不同无机碳途径的份额。本研究建立的双同位素示踪模型是一种快速定量碳源利用途径的实用方法。     

“低碳生活”启示录

随着人类文明的发展，资源的耗费越来越大，有限的地球资源被蚕食着。三次工业革命给我们带来了生活水平，生产力水平的提高，但是所有事情都是一把双刃剑，在带来进步的同时也带来了发人深省的环保节能问题。     

低碳经济的发展模式研究

当前,全球正发生着以变暖为主要特征的气候变化,并已成为世界各国共同面临的危机和挑战。低碳经济是减少温室气体排放,应对全球变暖的最佳经济模式。本文从温室气体减排压力、能源安全和资源环境等三个方面分析了中国发展低碳经济的紧迫性。在对国内外低碳经济理论和实践综述的基础上，从宏观、中观和微观三个层次论证了低碳经济发展模式的发展方向、发展方式和发展方法。即以低碳发展为发展方向．以节能减排为发展方式。以碳中和技术为发展方法。最后提出了我国实施低碳经济发展模式的政策措施：①节能优先。提高能源利用效率；②化石能源低碳化。大力发展可再生能源；③设立碳基金．激励低碳技术的研究和开发；④确立国家碳交易机制。     

公平和效率维度下中国省际碳权分配原则分析

区域碳权分配原则决定了中国省际碳减排的压力,也是激励各地区转向清洁能源及减排技术创新的基础。本文运用非径向方向性距离函数(NDDF)测算了2011-2014年中国省际全要素碳排放效率(TFC)与技术差距比(CTGR),以分析各地区基于效率最优的碳减排潜力(CRC),进而确定中国区域碳权分配原则。结果表明,各地区减排潜力呈现出与经济发展水平相似的空间分布特征;"十二五"期间海南与安徽两地已处于减排的前沿面,但单一的公平原则挫伤了其持续减排的积极性,而其它低效率省市短时间内无法通过技术效率提升减排能力;无论是单一的公平原则还是单一的效率原则均无法保证各地区碳减排的合理性、稳定性与持久性;而兼顾公平与效率的原则在增加绝对碳排放效率的同时,减少了地区差异。公平与效率原则的动态混合机制更符合中国省际碳减排现状,初期应遵循"公平优先,兼顾效率",随着经济企稳,应转向"效率优先,兼顾公平"。     

电镀废水治理工程实例分析

某电镀废水,采用"沉砂+隔油+气浮+混凝沉淀+生化+二级混凝沉淀+砂滤碳滤单元"组合工艺,出水稳定满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)中城市绿化水质要求。     

餐厨与污泥协同处理后生物碳土的利用研究

该文以餐厨与市政污泥协同处理后的生物碳土为研究对象,研究了生物碳土对苗木的生长变化以及施用1 a后生物碳土中有机质、常量元素、重金属变化的影响。研究结果表明,控根容器与生物碳土相结合的苗木栽植方式,可以显著促进海棠、紫薇、红枫、桂花的生长;苗木生长1 a后,控根容器中有机质以及N、P、K含量显著降低,Cu、Zn、Pb、As为植物吸收主要的重金属元素;控根容器底部土壤有机质和N、P、K略高于底部土壤,Cu、Zn、Ba、S、Al为主要的淋出元素。因此,控根容器、生物碳土苗木栽培基质以及水肥管理等技术结合栽植"移动森林",不仅可以解决生物碳土的消纳问题,还可以实现增加生物碳土产品的附加值,是解决生物碳土及其副产品出路的一种可行的方式。