紫外光谱结合正交试验设计同时测定水中苯系物

利用正交试验设计,以光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正方法为考察因素,每个因素的4种不同方法为水平,确定了水中3种苯系物（苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸）紫外光谱数据的最佳分析方法,从而建立了其定量校正模型。对于苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸,其光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正分别采用一阶导数+无信息变量消除法（UVE）+偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）,Savitzky-Golay平滑+变量结合种群分析法（VCPA）+PLSR,Savitzky-Golay平滑+移动窗口偏最小二乘法（MWPLS）+PLSR。在独立测试集上3组分的预测误差均方根（RMSEP）分别为0.809 4、0.796 3和0.945 4。水样加标回收实验的回收率为97.79%~103.84%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%。该方法可作为一种同时测定水中苯系物的简便有效方法。     

南山铁矿风场及扩散规律风洞模拟研究

以风洞模拟方式研究中性层结条件下南山铁矿凹山采场地域边界层风场特征,并以示踪气体扩散摸拟方法给出该地域大气扩散参数的实验结果。     

揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜

水华（亦称湖靛）是湖泊富营养化最恶劣的表征之一。武汉东湖７０年代至１９８４年间每年夏季出现蓝藻水华,１９８５年起突然消失,至今已有１４年没有重现,原因何在？通过三次设在湖里的围隔试验,证明鲢鳙的大量放养,是水华消失的决定性因素。     

Testing hypotheses about management to enhance habitat for feeding birds in a freshwater wetland

The level of water was manipulated in a freshwater wetland, with the aim of enhancing abundances of benthic animals and, ultimately, improving habitat for feeding birds (Japanese Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii). We tested whether these actions had the predicted and desired effects on benthic animals, by contrasting changes in two managed locations to one control location which was left unmanipulated. The number of taxa and abundances of chironomids decreased strongly and significantly in the manipulated locations, while the abundance of oligochaetes appeared to vary in a seasonal manner. Temporal variability of the structure and composition of assemblages was also increased in manipulated locations. Such effects have previously been suggested to indicate stress in benthic assemblages. Therefore, in contrast to what was predicted, managerial actions made benthic fauna less abundant and thus, less suitable as habitat for feeding birds. Several general lessons can be learned from these results. (1) Effects of managerial actions like these are difficult to predict a priori and can only be reliably evaluated with an experimental framework. (2) Because abundances of animals vary naturally, evaluations of managerial actions must include appropriate spatial replication. (3) Sampling at hierarchical temporal scales is important, because abundances of animals may vary in an unpredictable manner at short temporal scales and because changes in temporal variability may be a symptom of stress. (4) Combined use of uni- and multivariate techniques provides a comprehensive set of tools to assess the effects of restoration and creation of new habitats. Finally, these results emphasise the need for clear predictions about desired outcomes and specific experimental plans about how to test whether the desired results were achieved, before managerial actions are taken. Although this is often very difficult to achieve in real situations, it is necessary for practices of management to evolve on the basis of sound empirical experience.     

油污土壤生物修复实验研究

为了有效预防和治理因石油开采、运输等造成的土壤污染,对大庆地区油污土壤进行了生物修复的实验研究,通过室内盆栽模拟实验,对芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的石油类污染物总含量、石油烃类组分浓度、非烃组分浓度进行了测定。结果表明,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物具有比较明显的降解作用,可以使被污染土壤中的某些油污成分逐渐被选择性消耗。实验还可看出,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物中正构烷烃的降解能力高于非正构烃。总体看,芦苇对石油类污染物的降解能力强于香蒲,但芦苇对非正构烃的降解能力略逊于香蒲。     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

西昌-攀枝花高速公路弃土场土壤侵蚀预报

为探讨高速公路施工期弃土场边坡的水土流失规律,对西昌—攀枝花高速公路一弃土场边坡进行了天然降雨条件下水土流失观测试验,结果表明,弃土场边坡的主要侵蚀形式是沟蚀,主要侵蚀因子是次降雨量和汇水平台宽度。最后提出了预测西昌—攀枝花高速公路弃土场边坡土壤侵蚀量的土壤侵蚀模型。     

k-C*模型的人工湿地模拟研究

采用自由表面流人工湿地,对广东省中山市某小区对应段的河涌进行生态修复改造。基于k-C*模型的计算结果表明,在对现有河涌的面积的利用下,TP和NH4+-N的去除效果受到限制。采用多因素正交实验对模型的计算结果进行实验验证和分析,研究了4种植物、4种基质,分别在2、4、6和8 d水力停留时间(HRT)下对TP和NH4+-N的去除效果,得到影响TP和NH4+-N去除效果的因素主次顺序分别为基质→植物→HRT和基质→HRT→植物;各因素的最佳水平条件分别为:风车草、颗粒活性炭、4 d(HRT)。在最佳水平条件下进行实验,结果表明,TP和NH4+-N的浓度均可达到出水排放标准浓度指标。k-C*模型的计算值总是比实验值偏高,但两者之间的误差在一个数量级范围内。     

Public Willingness to Pay for Recovering and Downlisting Threatened and Endangered Marine Species

Abstract: Nonmarket valuation research has produced economic value estimates for a variety of threatened, endangered, and rare species around the world. Although over 40 value estimates exist, it is often difficult to compare values from different studies due to variations in study design, implementation, and modeling specifications. We conducted a stated‐preference choice experiment to estimate the value of recovering or downlisting 8 threatened and endangered marine species in the United States: loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica), upper Willamette River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), and smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata). In May 2009, we surveyed a random sample of U.S. households. We collected data from 8476 households and estimated willingness to pay for recovering and downlisting the 8 species from these data. Respondents were willing to pay for recovering and downlisting threatened and endangered marine taxa. Willingness‐to‐pay values ranged from $40/household for recovering Puget Sound Chinook salmon to $73/household for recovering the North Pacific right whale. Statistical comparisons among willingness‐to‐pay values suggest that some taxa are more economically valuable than others, which suggests that the U.S. public's willingness to pay for recovery may vary by species.     

人为泥石流起动及产沙放水冲刷实验——以神府-东胜矿区为例

神府东胜矿区位于黄土高原北部干旱半旱过度地带。由于煤田的大量开采，诱发了大量的环境问题，尤以人为泥石流最为严重，本文以神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流为研究对象，采用人工放水冲刷模拟的方法，分析了坡面型和沟谷型泥石流源地松散体起动、产沙、泥石流过程的特性，所得结论为：（１）放水历时长，强度大，有利于泥石流的形成；（２）弃土石渣起动，是该区泥石流固体物质的主体；（３）沟道型泥石流放水冲刷模拟实验，便于观测石