碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

Co-combustion of dried sewage sludge and coal in a pulverized coal boiler

More than 1.1 million tons of municipal and industrial sewage sludge is produced annually in Poland. Most of this sewage sludge is landfilled or used for recultivation and fertilization of soil. After accession of Poland to the EU, large investments are planned for wastewater treatment, so it is expected that the amount of sewage sludge produced in Poland will grow in the near future. It is well known that the combustion of sewage sludge is becoming a more and more popular utilization method of such waste. Unfortunately, the current situation in Poland makes it impossible to incinerate the sewage sludge because of a lack of incinerators. One possible solution for Poland is the co-firing of dried sewage sludge in existing coal-fired utility boilers. This article presents results of initial Polish industrial trials of dried municipal sewage sludge and hard coal co-combustion in an OP-230 pulverized coal boiler. Such a solution was shown to be technically viable and not to require changes to the existing technological system. Cocombustion of sewage sludge with coal in power plants seems to be the best solution for sludge utilization in the near future in Poland.     

Protection of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): roles of biochemical changes and decreased stomatal conductance in enhancement of growth

Treatments with ethylenediurea (EDU) protect plants from ozone foliar injury, but the processes underlying this protection are poorly understood. Adult ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior), with or without foliar ozone symptoms in previous years, were treated with EDU at 450ppm by gravitational trunk infusion in May-September 2005 (32.5ppmh AOT40). At 30-day intervals, shoot growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and water potential were determined. In September, several biochemical parameters were measured. The protective influence of EDU was supported by enhancement in the number of leaflets. EDU did not contribute its nitrogen to leaf tissue as a fertiliser, as determined from lack of difference in foliar N between treatments. Both biochemical (increase in ascorbate-peroxidase and ascorbic acid, and decrease in apoplastic hydrogen peroxide) and biophysical (decrease in stomatal conductance) processes regulated EDU action. As total ascorbic acid increased only in the asymptomatic trees, its role in alleviating O(3) effects on leaf growth and visible injury is controversial.     

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to carbonaceous materials in a river floodplain soil

We report on sorption isotherm of phenanthrene (Phe) for river floodplain soil associated with carbonaceous materials, with particular attention being devoted to the natural loading of Phe. Our sorption experiments with original soil samples, size, and density sub-fractions showed that the light fraction had the highest sorption capacity comparable to low rank coals. In addition, the light fraction contributed most for the sorption of Phe in total soil samples. K_oc values for all fractions were in the same range, thus indicating that coal and coal-derived particles in all samples are responsible for the enhanced sorption for Phe. Sorption was strongly nonlinear and the combined partitioning and pore-filling model gave a better fit than the Freundlich sorption model. In addition, the spiked PAHs did not show the same behavior as the naturally aged ones, therefore the accessibility of indigenous background organic contaminants was reduced when coal and coal-derived particles are associated with the soils.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广，焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法，焚烧飞灰属于危险废物，必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性，论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料，飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类，水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度，飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto fly ash

The fly ash treated by H₂SO₄ was used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a typical dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution. An increase in the specific surface area and dye-adsorption capacity was observed after the acid treatment. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the treated fly ash were studied. The experimental results were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It shows that the Freundlich isotherm is better in describing the adsorption process. Two kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model is the better choice to describe the adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic study reveals that the enthalpy (ΔH⁰) value is positive (5.63 kJ/mol), suggesting an endothermic nature of the adsorption.     

固化飞灰形状及填埋方式对重金属浸出的影响

为探究成型形状和填埋方式对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体中重金属浸出的影响，设置固化体尺寸分别为10×10×10cm、10×10×2.5cm、DN=3cm（球），同时设置码放、散乱堆放2种填埋方式进行动态浸出试验.结果表明，在固化体开裂前，球状与长方体、整齐码放与散乱堆放的浸出液pH值存在显著差异；单位质量固化体重金属Pb、Zn、Cr累积浸出量随固液接触面积、堆填散乱度、液固比的增大而增加，固化稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出符合缩芯模型且主要由扩散过程控制，试验前段Pb、Zn、Cr的2种速率常数与固化体成型比表面积、堆填散乱度、液固比正相关.因此，要减少生活垃圾焚烧厂原灰中重金属的浸出，提高生活垃圾填埋场共处置飞灰固化稳定化产物的安全性，固化体成型时应尽量缩小比表面积同时避免散乱填埋.     

燃煤飞灰负载型碱基CO2吸收剂再生试验研究

采用热重分析方法研究了燃煤飞灰负载型碱基吸收剂脱除CO2的再生反应特性,同时介绍了燃煤飞灰负载型碱基吸收剂的制备方法,即向燃煤飞灰中添加KHCO3和黏结剂制备得到CO2干式吸收剂.针对不同升温速率和反应终温对吸收剂再生反应特性的影响规律进行试验分析,采用热分析动力学方法确定了吸收剂再生反应特性参数.结果表明:KHCO3负载于燃煤飞灰后,有利于提高颗粒的比表面积;在氮气气氛下,再生反应表观活化能为24～60 kJ/mol;反应速率和终温是再生反应的重要影响因素;当升温速率为10℃/min时,所需活化能最低,为24.8 kJ/mol,再生性能最好;再生反应的起始温度为100～ 150 ℃,终止温度为225～275℃.     

Kinetics characteristics of coal low-temperature oxidation in oxygen-depleted air

The longwall gob (mined-out) area is one of the main places that are prone to coal spontaneous combustion and most of the residual coal in it is in oxygen-depleted air as it is a semi-enclosed space. A DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) test system was designed to accurately test the heat generation of coal oxidation in different oxygen concentration atmosphere, based on which the kinetics parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) of coal low-temperature oxidation in oxygen-depleted air were solved out. The results show that the kinetics parameters present obvious stage features and the lower the oxygen concentration is, the smaller is the difference of the kinetics parameters that in different oxidation stages. When the oxygen concentration is lower than 5% and 3% for jet coal and meagre coal respectively, the kinetics parameters of slow oxidation start to be greater than that of rapid oxidation. Both in the slow oxidation and rapid oxidation stage, with the decrease of oxygen concentration, kinetics parameters present significant decline on the whole while in different oxygen concentration range, the decline rate is different. It's concluded that when assessing the residual coal's self-heating risk, we need to use the corresponding kinetics parameters of coal oxidation in the oxygen concentration of the location where the residual coal is and the safety factor will be greater to only use the kinetics parameters of coal oxidation in slow oxidation stage. This study is of great significance for the assessment and control of the self-heating risk of coal that in different oxygen concentration atmospheres of the longwall gob areas.     

生活垃圾循环流化床焚烧锅炉飞灰中二噁英热解析特性研究

实际垃圾焚烧系统中飞灰会在尾部烟道堆积并在受热后发生二噁英的再生成、热降解及向烟气解析等协同作用.本文研究了半干法脱硫塔前生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在受热过程中二噁英的质量变化及其气固相分布情况,重点研究了反应温度、含氧量及硫胺基复合阻滞剂的添加等对飞灰中二噁英热解析特性的影响.试验结果表明,250℃时飞灰析出的气相二噁英很少,而450℃时气相二噁英的比例高达99.7%;氧含量对飞灰中二噁英的热解析特性影响较大,当氧含量为6%时,气相二噁英的析出量最大,达到2.87 ng·g-1;350℃时添加硫胺基复合阻滞剂后二噁英总量明显下降,表明阻滞剂能够抑制二噁英再合成,但气相中二噁英的比例从47.69%上升到87.50%.