煤粉再燃的半工业炉试验

从系统NOx还原效果，主燃区，再燃区和燃尽区内NOx的分解几方面对煤粉再燃效果进行半工业炉试验研究。虽然主燃区NOx生成量与主燃区过量空气系数成正比，系统NOx还原率却在主燃区过量空气系数一1．10时呈现最大值；再燃区还原性气氛有利于NOx的还原，但富氧氛围也可以实现一定NOx分解，燃尽区内煤粉异相还原占主要地位。以基础工况和再燃工况下的锅炉尾部NOx排放量的差值来计算系统NOx还原率可以更好地体现锅炉系统的再燃脱硝能力。     

Detection of combustion formed nanoparticles

UV–visible extinction and scattering and two extra situ sampling techniques: atomic force microscopy (AFM) and differential mobility analysis (DMA) are used to follow the evolution of the particles formed in flames. These particle sizing techniques were chosen because of their sensitivity to detect inception particles, which have diameters, d<5 nm, too small to be observed with typical particle measurement instrumentation. The size of the particles determined by AFM and DMA compares well with the size determined by in situ optical measurements, indicating that the interpretation of the UV–visible optical signal is quite good, and strongly showing the presence of d=2–4 nm particles. UV–visible extinction measurements are also used to determine the concentration of d=2–4 nm particles at the exhausts of practical combustion systems. A numerical model, able to reproduce the experimentally observed low coagulation rate of nanoparticles with respect to soot particles, is used to investigate the operating conditions in the combustion chamber and exhaust system for which 2–4 nm particles survive the exhaust or grow to larger sizes. Combustion generated nanoparticles are suspected to affect human and environmental health because of their affinity for water, small size, low rate of coagulation, and large surface area/weight ratio. The ability to isolate nanoparticles from soot particles in hydrosols collected from combustion may be useful for future analysis by a variety of techniques and toxicological assays.     

Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan

Multivariate statistical techniques were used to investigate source apportionment and source/sink relationships for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere of Chicago/Lake Michigan in 1994–1995. The PAH signatures for the atmospheric particle phase, surface water particle phase and sediments indicate that atmospheric deposition is the major source of PAHs to the sediments and water column particulate phase of Lake Michigan. The PAH signature for the atmospheric gas phase and water dissolved phase indicate an intimate linkage between the lake and its overlying atmosphere. A modified factor analysis-multiple regression model was successfully applied to the source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs (gas+particle). Coal combustion accounted for 48±5% of the ΣPAH concentration in both the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere, natural gas combustion accounted for 26±2%, coke ovens accounted for 14±3%, and vehicle emissions (gas+diesel) accounted for 9±4%. Each is an identified source category for the region. These results are consistent with the mix of fossil fuel combustion sources and ratios of indicator PAHs.     

Parametric study of the explosivity of graphite-metals mixtures

The explosivity of dust clouds is greatly influenced by several parameters which depend on the operating conditions, such as the initial turbulence, temperature or ignition energy, but obviously also on the materials composition. In the peculiar case of a mixture of two combustible powders, the physical and chemical properties of both dusts have an impact on the cloud flammability and on its explosivity. Nevertheless, no satisfactory ‘mixing laws’ predicting the mixture behavior are currently available and the composition variable to be considered for such models greatly depend on the safety parameters which have to be determined: from volume ratios for some thermal exchanges and ignition phenomena, to surface proportions for some heterogeneous reactions and molar contents for chemical reactions. This study is mainly focused on graphite/magnesium mixtures as they are encountered during the decommissioning activities of UNGG reactors (Natural Uranium Graphite Gas). Due to the different nature and reactivity of both powders, these mixtures offer a wide range of interests. Firstly, the rate-limiting steps for the combustion of graphite are distinct from those of metals (oxygen diffusion or metal vaporization). Secondly, the flame can be thickened by the presence of radiation during metal combustion, whereas this phenomenon is negligible for pure graphite. Finally, the turbulence of the initial dust cloud is modified by the addition of a second powder. In order to assess the explosivity of graphite/magnesium clouds, a parametric study of the effects of storage humidity, particle size distribution, ignition energy, and initial turbulence has been carried out. In particular, it was clearly demonstrated that the turbulence significantly influences the explosion severity by speeding up the rate of heat release on the one hand and the oxygen diffusion through the boundary layer surrounding particles on the other hand. Moreover, it modifies the mean particle size and the spatial dust distribution in the test vessel, impacting the uniformity of the dust cloud. Thus, the present work demonstrates that the procedures developed for standard tests are not sufficient to assess the dust explosivity in industrial conditions and that an extensive parametric study is relevant to figure out the explosive behavior of solid/solid mixtures subjected to variations of operating conditions.     

燃煤高温固硫的机理及固硫影响因素探讨

燃烧中固硫是一种适合我国国情的燃煤脱硫技术。本文探讨了燃煤高温固硫过程的主要反应机理和一些常用固硫添加剂的助固硫作用,分析了影响固硫效率的主要因素,进而提出实际应用中应考虑的提高固硫效率的措施。     

燃烧烟尘凝团形貌的分形辨别方法研究

对火灾现场常见聚合物材料和易燃液体燃烧烟尘凝团进行了分形研究,通过线性回归得到了描述其形貌特征的分形维数和分形前置因子。研究发现大多数材料烟尘凝团的分形维数在1.5~2.0之间,燃烧时发烟量较大的材料通常具有较高的分形维数值。利用分形分析结论,对烟尘进行判别分析,可以准确判别烟尘种类。     

Effects of bed material size distribution, operating conditions and agglomeration phenomenon on heavy metal emission in fluidized bed combustion process

This study investigates the effects of the bed material size distribution, the operating conditions and the agglomeration/defluidization phenomenon on the heavy metal pollutant emissions in the combustion process. After defluidization, the emission concentration of heavy metals increased, because Na may form a low melting eutectic material that enhances bed material adherence. The emission of Cd increased when the feed simulated urban residues contained sodium; however, the presence of Na had no significant effect on the emission of Cr. Furthermore, the Cd emission concentration was low when the material had a Gaussian distribution; however, the decreases in the Cd emission when the bed material had narrow, binary or flat distributions were not significant. The heavy metal Cr showed the same trend. In addition to the operating parameters, the bed material size distribution may influence the heavy metal emissions during combustion processes.     

矿井瓦斯爆炸传播的尺寸效应研究

基于瓦斯爆炸传播过程的理论分析 ,确定了表征瓦斯爆炸传播过程的主要物理参数 ;通过在两条巷道中进行了瓦斯爆炸传播的对比实验 ,指出了瓦斯爆炸传播过程的尺寸效应存在的原因。笔者认为 :因为巷道支护设备使巷道有效面积的减少和壁面粗糙度的变化 ,尺寸效应使大断面巷道在可比条件下 ,发生瓦斯爆炸时 ,爆炸波的火焰、压力、冲量等在更大范围内形成破坏和伤害     

常用高分子装饰材料的燃烧特性

利用先进的锥型量热计研究了五种常用的高分子装饰材料在暴露于不同辐射热通量条件下的燃烧性能,以及用氧指数测定仪测量了这些材料的氧指数,并将这两种方法的实验结果进行了对比。     

样品尺寸对热塑性聚氨酯燃烧性能的影响研究

采用锥形量热仪对不同尺寸的热塑性聚氨酯材料进行小尺寸燃烧试验研究,获得了点燃时间、热释放速率、烟气释放速率及燃烧特性指数等参数,分析了样品尺寸对其燃烧性能的影响.结果表明:点燃时间随着材料厚度的增加而延长;材料厚度的增加加长了内部导热过程,使热释放速率峰值和烟气释放速率峰值增大,到达峰值的时间延长;燃烧特性指数中火灾增...