The human serum paraoxonase—Polymorphism and specificity

Human serum contains EDTA‐sensitive (Ca⁺⁺‐dependent) and EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonases which hydrolyse paraoxon, 0,0‐diethyl,0–4‐nitrophenyl phosphate.

In Caucasians the EDTA‐sensitive enzyme shows a genetically determined polymorphism which is governed by two alleles. In typical Mongoloid or Negro populations this polymorphism is expressed to a lesser degree, and in a few samples (e.g. Aborigines) it cannot be observed at all. The distribution of the activity of the EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonase is unimodal.

Many authors supposed that paraoxonase is an arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) which means that it is also able to hydrolyse phenylacetate or β‐naphthylacetate. New investigations have shown that the human serum fractions splitting paraoxon can be separated from those hydrolysing phenylacetate and related substrates.

The polymorphism of the EDTA‐sensitive human serum paraoxonase can be applied to investigations concerning specificity. From this it becomes evident that this enzyme is rather specific. Already slight changes of the paraoxon molecule lead to a decrease of activity. On the other hand the enzyme seems to hydrolyse also phosphonic acid esters and 4‐nitrophenylacetate in the same way like paraoxon (polymorphism).

There is a linkage relationship of paraoxonase with cystic fibrosis and DNA markers. According to these results the (EDTA‐sensitive) paraoxonase locus is on the human chromosome 7.

A high serum paraoxonase level actually protects serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and has to be considered in biological monitoring of workers exposed to parathion.     

可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状及发展

从实验研究、数值模拟和微观反应机理三个方面概括总结了近年来可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状,总结了现阶段的研究成果,指出了研究中存在的不足。实验研究主要涉及卤代烃、水、干粉这三种抑制剂,研究了这三种抑制剂的制效果及优缺点;理论计算主要阐述爆炸及其抑制的反应特性、反应机理,现阶段的理论研究以宏观反应机理为主,缺乏对爆炸及其抑制的微观机理的研究,对爆炸及其抑制的本质认识不够。基于以上原因,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

300MW机组锅炉屏式过热器爆管原因分析

某电厂300MW机组锅炉在投产运行仅仅13260小时便发生了屏式过热器爆管事故,经初步分析该不锈钢管弯管是由于固溶化处理不当,在残余应力、热应力及氟离子等共同作用下,在奥氏体晶界薄弱处产生晶间腐蚀微裂纹,继而不断发展并最终造成爆管事故的发生。建议加强原材料验收检验及规范锅炉运行操作规程,以最大限度减少此类事故的发生。     

腐殖酸和产甲烷抑制剂对厌氧污泥发酵产氢效能的影响

为提高厌氧污泥的发酵产氢能力,采用间歇培养方式考察了不同产甲烷抑制剂与腐殖酸联合作用对厌氧污泥发酵葡萄糖产氢效能的影响,并通过Illumina MiSeq测序揭示了微生物群落结构的变化规律.结果表明,在葡萄糖初始浓度为500 mg·L^-1条件下,经过120 h的连续培养后,对照的累计产氢量为1.2 mL,存在明显的耗氢现象.当加入0.02%氯仿（V/V）、0.04%氯仿（V/V）或2-溴乙酸磺酸钠（10 mmol·L^-1）后,耗氢现象得到有效控制,它们的累计产氢量分别为15.7、13.2和9.4 mL.当向发酵系统同时加入产甲烷抑制剂和腐殖酸后,可以显著提高厌氧污泥的产氢效能.其中,0.02%氯仿和腐殖酸联合作用的促进效果最佳,其累计产氢量和最大产氢速率（R_max）分别达到了17.4 mL和0.24 mL·L^-1.相反,当替硝唑作为产甲烷抑制剂时,仍然存在耗氢现象.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,发酵系统中优势菌群的相对丰度存在显著差异.在对照系统中,Ottowia、Ignavibacterium、Nitrospira、Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Terrimona为优势菌群,其相对丰度为2.2%~4.2%.当0.02%氯仿和腐殖酸加入发酵系统后,Ottowia和Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis的相对丰度较对照分别增加了11.9%和31.8%,而Nitrospira的含量显著减少.     

新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP的性能评定

对自制的新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP对CaCO3和Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢性能进行评定。在SEDMP加入量为4 mg/L、浓缩至水溶液中Ca2+质量浓度为500 mg/L时,SEDMP对CaCO3的阻垢率为90.6%,对CaCO3的阻垢效果大大优于其他有机膦类阻垢剂。当SEDMP加入量为10 mg/L时,对Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢率为96.0%。SEDMP作为缓蚀剂单独使用时具有一定的缓蚀效果,与磺酸盐共聚物、锌盐复配后效果更佳。SEDMP与常用杀菌剂同时使用时仍可保持良好的对CaCO3的阻垢性能,且不影响杀菌剂的杀菌率。     

模拟海洋全浸区环境下A517海工钢的腐蚀机理研究

目的 探究 A517 海工钢在海洋全浸区环境下的腐蚀机理。方法 通过模拟海洋全浸区腐蚀环境,利用失重法、SEM、EDS、XRD、电化学等测试技术,分析A517钢的腐蚀行为历程,并探讨其在全浸区的腐蚀机理。结果A517钢在厚度方向上的最大电位差为 13 mV,小于发生电偶腐蚀的最小电位差50mV,说明材料在厚度方向上的腐蚀敏感性一致。随浸泡时间的延长,腐蚀质量损失量逐渐增加,平均腐蚀速率先降低、后升高、最后趋于稳定,腐蚀速率约为 0.127 mm/a。结论 腐蚀动力初期主要是由溶解氧的极限扩散控制,后期则是腐蚀产物的氧化还原电荷转移控制。腐蚀首先在 Al₂O₃、MgO 等夹杂物处萌生扩展,腐蚀产物出现明显的分层现象,外锈层主要是疏松易脱落的γ-FeOOH,内锈层主要是致密均匀的 Fe₃O₄,同时锈层中还检测到了β-FeOOH和α-FeOOH的存在。锈层中存在大量微裂纹,削弱了产物膜的保护作用,促进了腐蚀的进行。     

大气环境污染对文物古迹的影响

国内外多年的研究结果表明,大气环境污染是造成文物古迹损害的重要因素。其中影响最大的是降尘、酸雨、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、二氧化碳和臭氧等。该文根据近年来关于大气环境污染的报导,着重论述了尘埃对文物损害的机理和现象,酸雨对文物的腐蚀过程和反应机理,以及SO₂,NO₂,CO₂和O3等气态污染物使无机质文物老化、生锈,有机质文物脱色、褪色的原因。      

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).     

硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件电偶腐蚀的防护作用研究

目的 研究YTF-3硬膜缓蚀剂对由TC4螺栓、不锈钢螺母、7050铝合金及TC4钛合金夹层板组成的组件电偶腐蚀的影响作用。方法 利用硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件和夹层板进行整体腐蚀防护处理,并通过盐雾加速腐蚀试验。将齿轮槽螺栓与无耳托板自锁螺母安装连接后,进行自然环境加速腐蚀试验,腐蚀后对螺栓螺母以及夹层板的腐蚀情况进行拍照检查,采用图像处理方式对腐蚀情况进行评价,并通过室温拉伸试验对钛合金螺栓腐蚀前后的力学性能情况进行对比分析。结果 经过腐蚀试验后,TC4螺栓和铝合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域比未刷涂缓蚀剂区域的平均腐蚀面积要小。不锈钢螺母与TC4钛合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域出现明显褶皱和破损现象。对比了试验前后钛合金螺栓的最大拉断载荷,发现降幅仅为0.5%。结论 铝合金夹层板会遭受电偶腐蚀,而YTF-3缓蚀剂可以有效隔绝腐蚀介质渗入固定间隙,大幅缓解电偶腐蚀,而钛合金螺栓在加速腐蚀试验中并未发生明显的腐蚀,并且力学性能无明显改变。     

Effects of initial iron corrosion rate on long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers: Column experiments and numerical simulation

Column experiments and numerical simulation were conducted to test the hypothesis that iron material having a high corrosion rate is not beneficial for the long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) because of faster passivation of iron and greater porosity loss close to the influent face of the PRBs. Four iron materials (Connelly, Gotthart-Maier, Peerless, and ISPAT) were used for the column experiments, and the changes in reactivity toward cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) degradation in the presence of dissolved CaCO₃ were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the difference in distribution of the accumulated precipitates, resulting from differences in iron corrosion rate, caused a difference in the migration rate of the cis-DCE profiles and a significant difference in the pattern of passivation, indicating a faster passivation in the region close to the influent end for the material having a higher corrosion rate. For the numerical simulation, the accumulation of secondary minerals and reactivity loss of iron were coupled using an empirically-derived relationship that was incorporated into a multi-component reactive transport model. The simulation results provided a reasonable representation of the evolution of iron reactivity toward cis-DCE treatment and the changes in geochemical conditions for each material, consistent with the observed data. The simulations for long-term performance were also conducted to further test the hypothesis and predict the differences in performance over a period of 40 years under typical groundwater conditions. The predictions showed that the cases of higher iron corrosion rates had earlier cis-DCE breakthrough and more reduction in porosity starting from near the influent face, due to more accumulation of carbonate minerals in that region. Therefore, both the experimental and simulation results appear to support the hypothesis and suggest that reactivity changes of iron materials resulting from evolution of geochemical conditions should be considered in the design of iron PRBs.