渭北旱塬土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳的影响

揭示果园、农耕地两种土地利用方式对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,为渭北旱塬乃至黄土高原区土壤碳库的优化管理提供科学依据.通过同步采样及湿筛法将果园和农耕地这2种土地利用方式进行土壤粒径分组,得到大团聚体( 2 mm)、中间团聚体(0. 25～2 mm)、微团聚体(0. 053～0. 25 mm)及粉黏粒(0. 053 mm)组分质量分数,测定各组分团聚体有机碳含量,并计算出0～40 cm土层各组分有机碳储量.结果表明,在0～20 cm土层,农业土地利用方式对土壤团聚体含量分布、稳定性具有显著影响.果园不同粒级团聚体( 2、0. 25～2、0. 053～0. 25和0. 053 mm)含量均值分别为12. 9%、51. 3%、28. 8%和7. 0%,农耕地土壤各粒级团聚体含量分别为8. 3%、49. 7%、33. 6%和8. 4%, 0. 25 mm团聚体含量显著高于农耕地.在0～40 cm土层,农耕地土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著低于果园(P 0. 05).不同土地利用方式对土壤各团聚体内有机碳含量影响主要在0～10 cm土层,与农耕地相比,果园大团聚体、中间团聚体、微团聚体和粉黏粒内有机碳含量分别提高了56. 0%(P 0. 05)、57. 1%(P 0. 05)、40. 8%(P 0. 05)、13. 0%(P0. 05).各粒径团聚体内有机碳(粉黏粒除外)储量均为果园高于农耕地.果园增加了 0. 25 mm大团聚体及其有机碳含量,缓解了农耕地对土壤团聚体的破坏,并提高了有机碳的稳定性.因此,与农耕地相比,果园土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量较高,提高了团聚体对土壤有机碳的物理保护作用,有利于土壤有机碳积累,促进了土壤固碳.     

Evaluating internalization of multifunctionality by farm diversification: evidence from educational dairy farms in Japan

Farm diversification by farmers' open-door policy generates opportunities for farmers to internalize externalities of multifunctionality. Although the educational function of agriculture is an example of such an open-door policy and is attracting growing attention, this function has been little explored. To promote farm diversification in this direction, this paper examined how and to what degree farmers internalize externalities of multifunctionality by focusing on the educational function provided by dairy farming, i.e., farming experience services, in Japan. The main findings were as follows. First, we can say that the educational function is determined by ordinary technical jointness as well as institutional jointness, which is represented by food culture and the agrarian heritage. Both the technical and institutional jointness enhanced the externality. Because of these two working factors, there is a U-shaped relationship between farm diversification and provision of farming experience services. Second, however, an empirical evaluation indicated that farmers only partially internalize educational externalities by treating them as supplementary services combined with processed milk products. Therefore, appropriate integrated management of these newly emerging educational services to become a viable market should be fully addressed in the future, especially for family farms.     

利用农业土壤固定有机碳——缓解全球变暖与提高土壤生产力

大气CO     

Killing Tigers to Save Them: Fallacies of the Farming Argument

Abstract: The lucrative, illegal trade in tigers (Panthera tigris) remains a major conservation problem. Tiger farming has been proposed as a potential solution, with farmed tigers substituting for wild tigers. At first glance, this argument's logic seems simple: farming will increase the supply of tigers, prices will fall, and poaching will no longer be profitable. We contend, however, that this supply‐side argument relies on mistaken assumptions. First, tiger markets are imperfect, meaning they are dominated by a few producers who control price. Second, consumers prefer wild tigers to farmed tigers and therefore the two are not pure substitutes. In economic terms, products from wild tigers are luxury goods, commanding a price premium. Third, there is no evidence that farmed tigers can be produced or sold more cheaply than wild tigers. In sum, it is unlikely that farming will drive down the price of wild‐caught tigers or decrease profitability for tiger poachers. Rather, tiger farming is more likely to increase aggregate demand for tiger products and stimulate higher levels of poaching.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统碳循环模拟研究

利用甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的2001—2008年长期定位试验数据对DNDC模型进行了验证,结果表明：模型可以用于安定区县域尺度农田土壤有机碳储量及其变化的模拟。模拟不同处理间碳的循环结果显示,秸秆还田或覆盖可提高作物秸秆与根系残留的外源碳携入量,也能提高土壤异氧呼吸对内源碳的消耗。利用DNDC模型以及区域气象、土壤和作物资料,对该区域表层（0～20 cm）农田土壤碳循环进行模拟研究的结果表明,2008年农田土壤（面积为1.2×109 m2）表层（0～20 cm）有机碳总储量为2.8×109 kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为2.33 kg.m-2。通过对该区域农田土壤模拟不同碳投入的情景,分析预测2008年至2037年土壤有机碳储量,得出增加有机肥能够显著增加土壤有机碳的积累,其次为免耕同时增加秸秆还田率50%,而单独实施这两种措施,土壤有机碳的积累速度较慢。     

文蛤养殖水体中重金属Cu的安全限量值研究

通过引入沉积物因子,构建海水-底泥-生物体体系,应用半静态双箱动力学模型在室内模拟了沉积物暴露条件下文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)对重金属Cu的生物富集实验。通过对富集与排出过程中文蛤体内重金属Cu的动态监测和监测结果的非线性拟合,得到了文蛤富集Cu的动力学参数:吸收速率常数k1为71.18、排出速率常数k2为0.03,生物富集系数(bioconcen-tration factors,BCF)平均值为4283.86。对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,沉积物暴露条件下文蛤对重金属Cu的生物富集数据符合双箱模型。根据双箱动力学模型推算出来的文蛤养殖水体中Cu的安全限量值为0.017mg·L-1。实验结果表明,沉积物暴露条件下双箱动力学模型在一定条件下是可以应用于文蛤富集动力学研究的。通过对比室内模拟实验与实地调查所得BCF发现本研究得出的Cu的安全限量值略高于现有标准。     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Consumer Attitudes Towards the Development of Animal-Friendly Husbandry Systems

Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers.     

Participatory Development of No-tillage Systems without Herbicides for Family Farming: The Experience of the Center-South Region of Paraná

It is currently estimated that 40 million hectares worldwide are cultivated through no-tillage systems (Derpsh, 1998). Small family farms account for less than 50,000ha, half of them located in South America's Southern Cone (Wall, 1998). Many hypotheses have been offered to explain why so few small farmers have adapted to this method. The most simplistic ones relate this limited adoption to small farmers' traditionalism and to their rejection of innovation. Others point to the low technological development of animal-drawn equipment needed for this technology or the low educational level of family farmers.Results of work done in the Center-South of Paraná, Southern Brazil, by AS-PTA¹ in partnership with the region's Forum of Family Farmers Organizations, challenge these hypotheses and draw attention to the need for new approaches and processes of research and extension if the goal is to disseminate and implement appropriate no-tillage systems among family farmers. One requisite is to lower production costs of this method through elimination of herbicides and using green manure and cover crops that shift the crop-weed balance in favor of crops.     

PRECIPITATION RETENTION AND SOIL EROSION UNDER VARYING CLIMATE,LAND USE,AND TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Nonirrigated crop yields and forage production are limited by low and variable precipitation in the southern Great Plains. Precipitation variation involves production risks, which can be reduced by considering probability of precipitation, precipitation retention, and soil erosion under various production systems. The objective of this study was to probabilistically quantify the impact of precipitation variations, land use, cropping, and tillage systems on precipitation retention and soil erosion. Five 1.6 ha watersheds that had 3 to 4 percent slopes, and similar silt loam soils were selected. One was kept in native grass, and the others were planted into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different cropping and tillage systems. Daily runoff and soil erosion were measured at the outlet of each watershed. Precipitation distributions exhibited great seasonal and interannual variations, and precipitation retention distributions resembled those of precipitation. Cropping and tillage systems affected precipitation retention but much less than did precipitation variations. Available soil water storage, which was largely controlled by ET, played an important role in retaining precipitation. This indicates that cropping systems should be adjusted to precipitation patterns, if predictable, for better soil water use. Land use and cropping and tillage systems had a much greater impact on soil erosion than on precipitation retention. Soil erosion risks, which were proportional to the levels of tillage disturbance, were mainly caused by a few large storms in summer, when surface cover was low. This study explored a novel approach for evaluating production risks associated with insufficient precipitation retention and excessive soil erosion for certain crops or cropping systems under assumed precipitation conditions.