发展中国有机食品产业

本文根据有机食品的概念，中国有机食品发展现状，论述了发展有机食品是时代进步的要求，中国应发展有机食品产业。     

Natural Behavior, Animal Rights, or Making Money – A Study of Swedish Organic Farmers' View of Animal Issues

A questionnaire study was performed among Swedish organic livestock farmers to determine their view of animal welfare and other ethical issues in animal production. The questionnaire was sent to 56.5% of the target group and the response rate was 75.6%. A principal components analysis (exploratory factor analysis) was performed to get a more manageable data set. A matrix of intercorrelations between all pairs of factors was computed. The factors were then entered into a series of multiple regression models to explain five dependent variables. Respondents were well educated and had long experience of farming. 81% were full-time farmers. They generally had a very positive attitude towards organic animal husbandry. They considered allowing animals their natural behavior a central aim, which is in accordance with organic philosophy. Farmers tended to be less approving of concepts like animal rights, dignity, and intrinsic value. When analyzing correlations between the factors, two groups of farmers emerged that were only partially correlated, representing different attitudes and behavioral dispositions. These may be interpreted as two subpopulations of organic livestock farmers in Sweden: those who saw organic farming as a lifestyle (``pioneer attitude') and entrepreneurs, who considered making money and new challenges more important. Their view of animal welfare differed. While the pioneers considered natural behavior a key issue, this was less important to the entrepreneurs, who also had a more approving attitude towards invasive operations such as castration and were more critical of the organic standards.     

Sustainability in cattle production systems

Cattle production has the potential of being an important component of sustainable agriculture globally. The ability to transform feed not suitable for humans into high-quality food will be of great importance in the long-term for feeding a growing population. Other aspects such as preservation of landscape values and maintenance of rural communities are highly appreciated values, especially in the industrialized part of the world.To exploit the sustainable potential of cattle production systems, problems of pollution (such as ozone destruction, acid rain, and nitrate leaching) and of health and welfare, which are associated with cattle production, are critically reviewed. The possibilities of integrating cattle production with other types of production are evaluated. Cattle can be used for single purposes such as dairy, beef, and draught, but dairy cows can also be used for restricted suckling combining dairy and beef production. In addition a mixture of species makes grazing more efficient, and a combination of cattle and mixed cropping can increase resource efficiency.The possibilities of using organic cattle production systems as prototypes of sustainable cattle production systems are explored. The effects of production constraints which are applied in organic farming systems are studied. The redirection of values and activities in agriculture is a challenge to cattle production research and to traditional research methodologies.     

Ecological limitations and appropriation of ecosystem support by shrimp farming in Colombia

Shrimp farming in mangrove areas has grown dramatically in Asia and Latin America over the past decade. As a result, demand for resources required for farming, such as feed, seed, and clean water, has increased substantially. This study focuses on semiintensive shrimp culture as practiced on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. We estimated the spatial ecosystem support that is required to produce the food inputs, nursery areas, and clean water to the shrimp farms, as well as to process wastes. We also made an estimate of the natural and human-made resources necessary to run a typical semiintensive shrimp farm. The results show that a semiintensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—that is 35–190 times larger than the surface area of the farm. A typical such shrimp farm appropriates about 295 J of ecological work for each joule of edible shrimp protein produced. The corresponding figure for industrial energy is 40:1. More than 80% of the ecological primary production required to feed the shrimps is derived from external ecosystems. In 1990 an area of 874–2300 km² of mangrove was required to supply shrimp postlarvae to the farms in Colombia, corresponding to a total area equivalent to about 20–50% of the country’s total mangrove area. The results were compared with similar estimates for other food production systems, particularly aquacultural ones. The comparison indicates that shrimp farming ranks as one of the most resource-intensive food production systems, characterizing it as an ecologically unsustainable throughput system. Based on the results, we discuss local, national, and regional appropriation of ecological support by the semiintensive shrimp farms. Suggestions are made for how shrimp farming could be transformed into a food production system that is less environmentally degrading and less dependent on external support areas.     

洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖氮磷污染负荷研究

选取洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖区域为调查样本,针对一个养殖周期内6个监测点位(1个背景点,3个养殖水体点,2个纳污水体点)TN、TP值进行监测分析。监测结果表明,养殖准备期(12月～1月),养殖水体TN、TP值与同期背景值没有明显差异;养殖中后期(3月～10月),养殖水体和纳污水体TN、TP均明显高于同期背景值,大部分为劣Ⅴ类水质。按5～10月份养殖水体TN、TP实测值进行化学分析法估算,一个养殖周期内养殖水体TN、TP污染负荷为27.61kg/hm2、7.33kg/hm2,则洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖排放的TN、TP污染负荷约为269.11t/a、71.46t/a。另据对样本区域养殖生产过程的调查,按物料平衡法估算的TN、TP污染负荷为57.61kg/hm2、11.60kg/hm2,而洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖TN、TP污染负荷约为561.51t/a、113.06t/a。     

How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition?

Agricultural intensification, at local and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in plant diversity and changes in species composition in cereal fields. To better understand the role of landscape complexity and farming systems in shaping plant assemblages, it is of interest to focus on functional traits rather than on floristic composition, which may help to highlight trends in vegetation patterns. We analysed the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species) at three contrasted field positions (boundary, edge and centre) of 29 organic and 29 conventional cereal fields distributed in 15 agrarian localities of NE Spain. Agricultural intensification affected the biological attributes of the vegetation in dryland Mediterranean cereal fields; local factors (farming system and position) had a more prominent role in affecting plant functional composition than the surrounding landscape. Local factors were important for life form distribution, growth form and pollination type, whereas landscape complexity mainly affected the proportion of wind-dispersed species. Therefore, depending on the objective of the study, it is important to select functional attributes sensitive to the different scales of agricultural intensification, especially because landscape complexity and land-use intensity are commonly related.     

Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in fish samples from three fish farms (Eastern Mediterranean) utilizing antifouling paints

Although aquaculture is considered the fastest growing food production industry, nevertheless there is little information regarding pollutant levels in cultured fish. Samples of cultured sea bass – Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), sea bream – Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758), and sharpsnout sea bream – Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) from three fish farms located in the Eastern Mediterranean which utilized antifouling paints on the nets were analyzed for quantitative determination of zinc (Zn), chrome (Cr), and copper (Cu) in the gills, the liver, and the muscle separately for each tissue and fish. The results show that the highest levels of zinc (up to 29.6 mg kg^?1 dry wt) were found in the gills of all samples of sea bream and sharpsnout sea bream while in the samples of sea bass, the highest levels of zinc and chrome were found in the liver (up to 39.3 and 13.8 mg kg^?1 dry wt, respectively). Insofar, as copper is concerned the highest exposure was found in the liver of sharpsnout sea bream (up to 5.49 mg kg^?1 dry wt). The results indicate that the use of antifouling paints in aquaculture practices are a significant source of chemical pollution in cultured fish and poses a risk to the exposed organisms.     

Reversing food desertification: examining urban farming in Louisville,Chicago and Detroit

The Urban Farming Movement is relatively young in Louisville, Kentucky but it seems to be off to a good start. Being in its earliest stages, assessments of this effort must be made cautiously, even tentatively. Examining a movement that is in progress requires a study of the state's land use and segregation policies, both of which have been dynamic in Kentucky. Further, this study is also relevant as there is a growing convergence of national and regional attitudes towards American obesity, while there are competing notions of food preference and food choice. All of which are influenced by racial politics, and there is a deep concern regarding food security. Considering all of these, it is necessary to examine the Government's efforts to address obesity/food imbalance in a variety of settings, especially where urban farming is expanding, such as Chicago and Detroit. In New York, roof-top gardens dot the landscape and the urban farm movement is largely a “success”. So, city leaders have chosen to address another health issue – trans fat. Rather than joining the food choice/preference debate by banning fast-food restaurants, city leaders have chosen to enact a trans-fat ban. Unpopular at first, other cities and states have followed, and the Federal Government will mandate a trans-fat ban this year. In Louisville, Chicago and Detroit, where the trans-fat bans did not succeed, the urban farm movement may be the primary means of addressing malnutrition, in the form of obesity.     

Same but different: sources of natural resource management advice for lifestyle oriented rural landholders

Amenity migration to attractive and accessible non-metropolitan areas changes social and environmental relations with consequences for natural resource management and landscape composition and trajectories. Lifestyler oriented rural landholders are often cast as a problem for land management and extension. Managers and some researchers see them as a cause of landscape and social fragmentation and report difficulties in engaging such landowners on natural resource management issues and responsibilities. In contrast, limited existing research indicates that lifestylers do join and form networks of personal and other contacts for advice and support in land management. We contribute to this research with a survey of rural landholders in southeastern New South Wales (NSW). We explicitly compare the sources of advice for land management for lifestylers with those of farmers. We focus on the types of sources available to rural landholders in Australian regions and their relative importance to these two landholder groups. We find that lifestylers and farmers are different in their sources of advice but that both prefer personal sources rather than sources such as agencies. We reflect on the significance of the differences for engagement with lifestyle oriented rural landowners and for understanding landscape change.     

不同栽培模式下耕层土壤盐分演变规律研究

通过定位试验对有机栽培、无公害栽培和常规栽培模式下土壤盐分动态进行了研究。结果表明,有机栽培和无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异不显著,常规与无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异显著(F0.05=9.04),常规与有机栽培模式下的土壤盐分差异也极显著(F0.01=9.37)。常规栽培与无公害栽培环境中,全年土壤全盐量变化表现为两个积盐期:春季和秋季,以春季积盐最明显;有机栽培环境中,从7月份即出现了积盐过程,并且土壤全盐量变化趋势与气温变化基本一致。