Correlation between crash avoidance maneuvers and injury severity sustained by motorcyclists in single-vehicle crashes

Objectives: In order to improve motorcycle safety, this article examines the correlation between crash avoidance maneuvers and injury severity sustained by motorcyclists, under multiple precrash conditions. Method: Ten-year crash data for single-vehicle motorcycle crashes from the General Estimates Systems (GES) were analyzed, using partial proportional odds models (i.e., generalized ordered logit models). Results: The modeling results show that “braking (no lock-up)” is associated with a higher probability of increased severity, whereas “braking (lock-up)” is associated with a higher probability of decreased severity, under all precrash conditions. “Steering” is associated with a higher probability of reduced injury severity when other vehicles are encroaching, whereas it is correlated with high injury severity under other conditions. “Braking and steering” is significantly associated with a higher probability of low severity under “animal encounter and object presence,” whereas it is surprisingly correlated with high injury severity when motorcycles are traveling off the edge of the road. The results also show that a large number of motorcyclists did not perform any crash avoidance maneuvers or conducted crash avoidance maneuvers that are significantly associated with high injury severity. Conclusions: In general, this study suggests that precrash maneuvers are an important factor associated with motorcyclists' injury severity. To improve motorcycle safety, training/educational programs should be considered to improve safety awareness and adjust driving habits of motorcyclists. Antilock brakes and such systems are also promising, because they could effectively prevent brake lock-up and assist motorcyclists in maneuvering during critical conditions. This study also provides valuable information for the design of motorcycle training curriculum.     

21世纪初厦门市环境保护策略探索

在21世纪初厦门基本实现现代化的关键时期，厦门市如何坚持可持续发展战略，营造滨海生态城市，该文提出了环境保护的发展方略。     

有效实施长江流域管理的框架探讨

分析了进入东海的长江口，杭州湾的主要污染物负菏情况，长江口6个国控监测断面的数据、长江水体水质，阐述了缺乏全流域的联合行动和有效的流域管理机制对长江流域水生态环境的影响，指出了长江流域水生态环境日趋恶化的现实，已经影响和制约长江流域社会经济的可持续发展，提出了有效的流域管理框架构思。     

环境保护投资分析通用模型的研究

指出了目前广泛使用的环境保护投资优化模型的局限性，在分析环保投资对环境质量和环境经济效益影响特征的基础上，提出环保投资分析的通用模型，并对模型的适用性进行了讨论。     

小凌河(锦州段)水质COD污染状况评价与分析

小凌河是锦州市人民赖以生存和发展的母亲河,从西向东横贯锦州市区,由于沿途接纳了锦州地区的生活污水和工业废水,致使小凌河水质受到严重污染。2007年～2008年对锦州地区的污染源进行了全面详细的普查,分析其对小凌河水质污染的根源,提出了控制污染的措施,对改善小凌河水环境质量,确保人民生活、生产用水安全具有十分重要的意义。     

淮北市矿区生态保护总体规划

为了恢复和重建淮北矿区生态系统,本文按照矿区各塌陷地的不同特征,提出了矿区生态保护总体规划,该规划主要包括生态农业、生态工业、环保产业、生态旅游业和工业污染防治设施建设等,规划后最终使整个淮北矿区生态、社会、经济效益同步增长,矿区实现生态良性循环,促进淮北市的可持续发展。     

在线环境监测系统中GPRS应用探讨

为满足社会各方面对环境监测数据的信息需求,建立一个实用性强、覆盖面广、灵活性好的环境监测数据传输系统十分必要。通用分组无线业务（GPRS）作为新一代无线通信技术,与传统的数据传输相比,有着突出的优势。分析了运用 GPRS 数据传输技术构建的在线环境监测系统。总结了其特点,不足和优势。展望了 GPRS 在在线环境监测系统中的应用前景。     

可计算一般均衡模型理论及其在气候变化研究中的应用

介绍了可计算一般均衡模型（CGE）的基本原理和主要类型。分析了该模型相对于其它经济模型的主要优势，综述了CGE模型在气候政策领域中对温室气体减排的经济成本，社会成本，减排效益，减排政策设计等问题的应用。比较了国内相关研究的现状，结果表明，CGE已经回答了在国际上气候变化研究中人们所关注的许多政策问题，但是国内的研究工作急需加强，从经济理论和参数识别两个角度讨论了CGE模型面临的挑战。     

The “second dividend” and the demographic structure

The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The “second dividend” modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the “second dividend” in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the “second dividend” is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend.     

Occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in adipose tissues of Korean females

Very few studies have reported on the occurrence and accumulation profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in human adipose tissue. In this study, concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues collected from Korean women in 2007 and 2008 were determined. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs in adipose tissues ranged from 15 to 361 (mean: 119) ng g^-1 lipid weight and from 38 to 253 (mean: 106) ng g^-1 lipid weight, respectively. Concentrations of SMCs in Korean adipose tissues were lower than those reported for European countries and the United States. Naphthalene was the most predominant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC found in adipose tissues. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, suggesting that the sources of human exposure to these two classes of compounds are different. No correlation was found between donor’s age and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs. The results of this study provide baseline information on exposure of PAHs and SMCs to the general population in Korea.