城-郊区域土壤铅(Pb)累积过程时空模拟:以中部某大城市为例

城-郊区域类型众多的高强度人类活动导致土壤Pb累积过程复杂、时空异质性高,使得揭示该类区域土壤Pb累积过程的时空变化特征十分困难.以国内中部某大城市典型城-郊区域为研究区,构建土壤Pb累积过程单元模型,基于土地利用分类和模拟结果,建立土壤Pb累积过程时空模拟方法,模拟研究区2013~2040年土壤Pb累积含量,阐明土壤Pb含量未来时空变化特征.结果表明,研究区2013年Pb含量平均值约为其所在省份表层Pb含量背景值的1.77倍,土壤Pb污染较重.2013~2040年Pb含量将持续增加,增加量较低（0.53~2.25 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于研究区西部、北部和南部,占总面积的25.46 %,增加量较高（3.98~5.70 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于其东部,占总面积的17.14 %.研究区东部林地面积的增加、水域和草地面积的减少导致了该区域土壤Pb含量较大幅度地上升;此外,土壤Pb含量的空间分布还同重要工厂和交通设施的分布高度相关.通过突破以往研究中将土地利用视为静态不变的局限,能够在一定程度上反映区域土地利用变化对重金属累积过程的影响,可为城-郊区域土壤Pb累积过程模拟提供方法,并为该城市城-郊区域土壤Pb污染管控提供依据.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积速率的测定及环境意义——以洪湖、巢湖、太湖为例

对长江中下游洪湖、巢湖和太湖沉积物采用210Pb和137Cs相结合的方法测定沉积速率。洪湖钻孔中210Pbex随深度的增加没有呈现指数衰减分布,因此获得的平均沉积速率并不可靠;而根据137Cs蓄积峰计算得出洪湖钻孔在1963~1986年沉积速率最大,这可能是因为当时大规模开垦导致湖区周围水土流失,大量的侵蚀物质被带入湖中,从而导致沉积速率上升。对巢湖钻孔用210Pb法和137Cs得到的沉积速率具有可比性,研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,说明巢湖流域内水土流失逐步加重,可能与土地开发、植被破坏等人为活动有关。对太湖钻孔利用137Cs 1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正,采用210Pb计年的CRS模式获得不同时段的沉积速率发现在80年代末尾沉积物堆积通量最高,达到0.6 g·cm-2·a-1。两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率的变化情况。     

Spatial Variability and Monitoring of Pb Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry

In this study, the relationship between some physico-chemical properties of soils and lead contamination in soil due to emission from industrial operations in Samsun province of Turkey was investigated. The extent of timely contamination was studied by comparing the obtained results with the results of the study conducted in the same region in 1998. An area of 225 km² (15 km × 15 km), which was divided into 1000 × 1000 m grid squares (16 lines in the east and south directions), was selected within the industrial area. The total of 256 grid points was obtained and soil samples were collected from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm) of each grid center in 2004. The total Pb concentrations of soil samples were determined as 65.84–527.04 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5 cm in depth, 58.50 – 399.54 μg g⁻¹ at 5–15 cm in depth, and 44.65–330.07 μg g⁻¹ at 15–30 cm in depth. DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations of soils were found to be in the range of 1.52–9.03 μg g⁻¹, 0.54–7.09 μg g⁻¹, 0.19–6.13 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths, respectively. There were significant relationships between both total or DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations and selected physico-chemical properties of soil. According to enrichment factor (EF) values calculated from the total Pb concentrations, 11.3% of the study area (225 km²) was enriched with Pb in high level, but 77% of the area was in significant enrichment level with Pb. The average total and DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations increased as 11 and 13%, respectively in comparison with the results of 1998.     

Removal of Pb(II) from wastewater using wheat bran

The adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions on wheat bran (WB) has been investigated as a function of initial concentration, adsorbent dose, adsorbent particle size, agitation speed, temperature, contact time and pH of solution. The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum sorption capacities of 69.0, 80.7 and 87.0 mgg(-1) of Pb(II) on wheat bran at 20, 40 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e. DeltaG(0), DeltaH(0) and DeltaS(0) have also been calculated for the system and the sorption process was found to be endothermic. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The metal ion could be stripped by addition of 0.5M HCl, making the adsorbent regeneration and its reutilization possible.     

吉林省农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布特征

利用地统计学方法研究了吉林省黑土区耕层土壤(0～20cm)中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间结构及其分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Pb含量属中等程度的空间相关,而Cd、As含量属空间弱相关.3种元素含量的空间变异主要受人为的随机性因素的影响.利用半方差函数的分析结果经普通克立格插值得到了3种元素含量的空间分布图.结果显示,在空间分布上,受不同污染源的影响,土壤Cd、Pb、As含量表现出不同的分布特征.土壤Cd含量较高的地区主要分布于煤矿区周围;土壤Pb含量高的样点主要分布于城郊及公路两侧;煤矿区周围及城郊农田土壤中As含量相对较高.     

Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities

Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities were assessed by a seed-suspending seedbed(SSS) approach. The results showed that the SSS approach was suitable for testing the tolerance of a plant to the stress of toxic metals. The endpoints include seed germination success, straightened radicle and hypocotyl of the seedlings from the seeds. The measurements could be done easily and accurately. It was found that the elongation of radicle was the most sensitive indicator to the stress of heavy metals among the endpoints. When exposure to lower or medium concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd, the development of the lateral roots were favorable. Species of S. rostrata was more tolerant than S. cannabina to the heavy metals, especially to Zn and Cd. The ED50 of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were 32.90, .5.32, 4.40 and 12.00 μg/ml for S. rostrata,respectively, and they were 30.11, 2.87, 4.0.5 and 4.94 μg/ml respectively for S. cannabina.     

矿冶区周边水稻对不同来源重金属污染的指示作用

有色金属开采与冶炼可对周边环境造成严重的重金属污染,查明重金属污染来源对于矿冶周边重金属污染管理与控制具有重要意义.为探索利用矿冶周边水稻对As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu的富集与水稻体内元素的含量平衡特征指示重金属污染来源的可行性,选择了我国著名的水口山Pb-Zn矿山开采与冶炼周边区,根据重金属污染排放和迁移扩散特征,结合当地气象和地貌条件,确定了3个典型采样区,其中两个采样区分别邻近冶炼厂和尾砂库,另一处为位于两者之间的过渡区.采用蛇形采样法在稻田内采集33个成熟水稻及土壤样品,分析水稻不同部位(包括根、茎叶、籽粒)及土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属和其他16种元素的含量.结果表明,3个采样区之间土壤中的As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量均存在显著性差异;各采样区水稻中除根际和籽粒中Cd含量外,各部位重金属含量也均有显著差异.靠近冶炼厂的水稻茎叶中As、Pb含量高于离冶炼厂较远的采样区水稻茎叶.尽管As、Pb在靠近尾砂库采样区土壤中含量最高,但在该区水稻茎叶中的含量却最低;在除As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属以外的其他16种元素中,水稻根部仅有5种元素含量在各采样区之间存在差异,指示相同的土地利用类型及土壤母质条件;而在茎叶和籽粒中则分别有多达11和10种元素含量出现采样区差异,指示重金属污染来源影响水稻茎叶及籽粒中元素的含量平衡.多元统计分析结果显示,3个采样区水稻茎叶中元素含量平衡存在显著的分异,显示出明显的采样区属性.结合采样区域空间位置、污染物来源、水稻对重金属的富集与转运特征分析,3个采样区重金属主要污染特征可分别确定为水-气混合来源型、大气来源型和尾砂来源型.论文结果证明利用水稻茎叶指示矿冶周边重金属污染来源是可行的.     

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.     

高压密闭消解土壤砷、汞、铅、镉酸体系比较

采用高压密闭消解系统消解土壤,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定As和Hg,石墨炉原子吸收光度法(GF-AAS)测定Pb和Cd,对比了不同消解酸体系对国家土壤标准参考样中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的消解效果。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸体系对As、Hg、Pb和Cd的消解平均回收率分别为26.1%、100.6%、69.7%、87.3%;硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系中As、Hg、Pb和Cd消解平均回收率分别为109.9%、84.7%、87.5%、90.1%;硝酸-双氧水体系对Hg、Pb、Cd消解平均回收率分别为104.8%、95.1%、93.3%,对As的回收率虽只有69.2%,但数据精密度最好。此外,从简化试验步骤,减少误差,提高检测效率及减少试验危险性等方面综合评价,认为硝酸-双氧水消解体系是采用高压密闭系统消解土壤重金属的最理想酸体系。     

利用自动采样滤膜监测PM_(2.5)中铅和镉的可行性

根据PM2.5中重金属监测国标分析方法,从PM2.5采样方法、采样保存条件、滤膜材质性能等方面说明利用空气自动采样滤膜监测PM2.5中铅和镉是可行的;对手工采样(石英滤膜)和Beta射线法自动采样(自动采样滤膜)2种方法,对PM2.5实际样品中铅和镉的结果进行比较,结果显示:自动采样滤膜的空白检出和检出限均满足铅和镉的监测需求,铅和镉的回收率分别为95.2%~107%和91.8%~105%,与手工采样方法相比测得铅和镉的相对误差分别为3.6%~8.4%和1.3%~10.8%,从实践角度进一步证明了利用自动采样滤膜对PM2.5中铅和镉进行监测是可行的。