Co-injection of air and steam for the prevention of the downward migration of DNAPLs during steam enhanced extraction: an experimental evaluation of optimum injection ratio predictions

When steam is injected into soil containing a dense volatile non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant, the DNAPL vaporized within the heated soil region condenses and accumulates ahead of the steam condensation front. If enough DNAPL accumulates, gravitational forces can overcome trapping forces allowing the liquid contaminant to flow downward. By injecting air with steam, a portion of the DNAPL vapor remains suspended in equilibrium with the air, decreasing liquid contaminant accumulation ahead of the steam condensation front, and thus reducing the possibility of downward migration. In a previous work, a theoretical model was developed to predict the optimum injection ratio of air to steam that would eliminate accumulation of DNAPL ahead of the temperature front and thus minimize the potential for downward migration. In this work, the theoretical model is summarized, and an experiment is presented in order to evaluate the optimum injection ratio prediction. In the experiment, a two-dimensional water saturated sand pack is contaminated with a known mass of TCE (DNAPL). The system is then remediated by co-injecting air and steam at the predicted optimum injection ratio, calculated based on the average contaminant soil concentration in the sand pack. Results for the co-injection of air and steam are compared to results for the injection of pure steam or pure air. Injection at the predicted optimum injection ratio for a volumetric average NAPL saturation, reduced accumulation of the contaminant ahead of the condensation front by over 90%, as compared to steam injection alone. This indicates that the optimum injection ratio prediction is a valuable tool for limiting the spreading of DNAPL during steam-enhanced extraction. Injection at the optimum injection ratio resulted in earlier recovery of contaminant than for steam injection alone. Co-injection of steam and air is also shown to result in much higher recovery rates than air injection alone.     

A theoretical model of air and steam co-injection to prevent the downward migration of DNAPLs during steam-enhanced extraction

When steam is injected into soil containing a dense volatile non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant the DNAPL vaporized within the heated soil region condenses and accumulates ahead of the steam condensation front. If enough DNAPL accumulates, gravitational forces can overcome trapping forces allowing the liquid contaminant to flow downward. By injecting air with steam, a portion of the DNAPL vapor remains suspended in equilibrium with the air, decreasing liquid contaminant accumulation ahead of the steam condensation front, and thus reducing the possibility of downward migration. In this work, a one-dimensional theoretical model is developed to predict the injection ratio of air to steam that will prevent the accumulation of volatile DNAPLs. The contaminated region is modeled as a one-dimensional homogeneous porous medium with an initially uniform distribution of a single component contaminant. Mass and energy balances are combined to determine the injection ratio of air to steam that eliminates accumulation of the contaminant ahead of the steam condensation front, and hence reduces the possibility of downward migration. The minimum injection ratio that eliminates accumulation is defined as the optimum injection ratio. Example calculations are presented for three DNAPLs, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), trichloroethylene (TCE), and perchloroethylene (PCE). The optimum injection ratio of air to steam is shown to depend on the initial saturation and the volatility of the liquid contaminant. Numerical simulation results are presented to validate the model, and to illustrate downward migration for ratios less than optimum. Optimum injection ratios determined from numerical simulations are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical model.     

Cd对不同形态漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

研究了重金属Cd对游离漆酶和同定化反胶团漆酶修复土壤有机氯农药DDT污染的影响.结果表明.游离漆酶对土壤中DDT各组分均有不同程度降解,且均随着cd浓度的增大而降低,含量越高的组分降解率越高.受到Cd污染的影响也越大(P,P'-DDT>P,P'-DDD>0.P'-DDT>P,P'-DDE);当Cd浓度分别为0、0.5、1和2 mg·kg-1时,游离漆酶对土壤中DDT总量的降解率分别为50.68%、32.50%、14.92%和13.40%.固定化反胶团漆酶比游离漆酶能更有效地降解DDT,DDT降解率在无Cd和有Cd存在时(Cd浓度为0.5 mg·kg-1)分别提高20%和30%左右.     

柱淋洗法修复铬污染土壤的效果研究

以铬渣污染土壤为供试土壤,采用土柱淋洗法研究柠檬酸、草酸和盐酸单一淋洗以及复合淋洗对铬去除动态和修复效果的影响,并对淋洗前后土壤中铬形态进行分析,探讨修复机理。结果表明,各淋洗方案中,以10体积0.5 mol/L草酸溶液为淋洗剂时的修复效果最好,总Cr累计淋出量为2 304 mg/kg,上层、中层和下层土壤总Cr去除率分别为79.6%、78.1%和69.6%,Cr(VI)去除率为87.8%、86.2%和75%,且土壤Cr(VI)和总Cr随着土壤深度的增加而升高,有在底部积累的可能;淋洗后土壤明显酸化,p H值从10.5降至3左右;以酸作为淋洗剂能有效降低土壤可氧化态铬含量,将其转化为移动性较强的酸可提取态,这有助于达到预期修复效果。     

A new concept: the use of neutrally-buoyant microemulsions for DNAPL remediation

Even in the absence of mobilization of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), the microemulsion that forms when the surfactant solubilizes a dense contaminant such as trichloroethylene will be more dense than water and tends to migrate downward. This paper addresses the issue of migration with a new concept: surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at neutral buoyancy. Laboratory results of surfactant remediation in two-dimensional model aquifers show that downward migration of microemulsion containing solubilized dense contaminants can be reduced to an acceptable level, even in the absence of capillary barriers in the aquifer. One model experiment was designed to exhibit a small degree of vertical migration and full capture of the microemulsion at the extraction well. The second experiment was designed to demonstrate the effect of large buoyancy forces that lead to excessive downward migration of the microemulsion. Density measurements of aqueous solutions containing sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate surfactant, isopropanol, trichloroethylene, and sodium chloride are presented. A companion paper presents the results of the flow and transport calculations needed for this approach to surfactant flooding.     

巢湖营养化状况评价及水质恢复探讨

巢湖水质的污染特征为营养盐浓度居高不下,局部水域藻类疯长,已属重富营养化。根据近10 a监测数据,总氮的点源污染负荷占51%,非点源占49%;总磷的点源污染负荷占60%,非点源占40%。笔者也探讨了COD、总氮、总磷的湖内空间分布及水质恢复对策。综合分析巢湖的环境特征、水质现状及流域环境经济状况,短期内巢湖的水质将很难明显改观。如各项规划中的措施到位,预计到2010年,巢湖的水质可望从富营养－极度富营养化向中富营养－富营养化转变,达到国家Ⅲ类水体标准。      

Exogenously applied oxalic acid assists in the phytoremediation of Mn by Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three Mn-contaminated soils

• The OA supply significantly increased the water-extractable Mn in all soils. • All OA supply levels promoted plant growth in unexplored soil. • Low OA supply level promoted plant growth in explored and tailing soils. • OA amendment increased the Mn concentrations and total Mn in P. pubescens. • P. pubescens experienced less Mn stress in unexplored soil than in the other two soils. The current study evaluated the effects of oxalic acid (OA) application on the growth and Mn phytoremediation efficiency of Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three different manganese (Mn)-contaminated soils sampled from an unexplored area (US), an explored area (ES) and a tailing area (TS) of the Ertang Mn mine, South China. The supplied levels of OA were 0 (control), 1 (low level), 3 (medium level), and 9 (high level) mmol/kg, referred to as CK, OA1, OA3 and OA9, respectively. The results revealed that the average water-extractable Mn concentrations US, ES and TS amended with OA increased by 214.13, 363.77 and 266.85%, respectively. All OA supply levels increased plant growth and Mn concentrations in US. The low OA supply level increased plant growth in ES and TS; however, contrasting results were found for the medium and high OA supply levels. Plant Mn concentrations and total Mn increased in ES and TS in response to all OA supply levels. Total Mn in the aerial parts increased by 81.18, 44.17 and 83.17% in US, ES and TS, respectively; the corresponding percentages for the whole plants were 81.53, 108.98 and 77.91%, respectively. The rate of ·O₂⁻ production and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations increased in response to OA amendment, especially the medium and high OA supply levels in ES and TS. In general, antioxidant enzymes might play a vital role in alleviating Mn stress in plants cultivated in US, while non-enzymatic antioxidants might be the main factor for plants cultivated in ES and TS.     

生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的研究进展

概述了生物炭制备的关键影响因素及对矿区重金属污染土壤修复与改良作用的研究进展,在此基础上分析了生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的机理,提出了开展生物炭在实际矿区污染场地的长期性与稳定性行为研究,以及探讨生物炭与不同土壤改良剂的优化组合等建议。     

甘蓝和油菜对镉污染土壤的修复研究

通过土培盆栽试验研究了甘蓝和油菜对土壤中重金属镉的吸收及生物净化作用。以及添加螯合剂对油菜富集镉的影响。实验结果表明：甘蓝对于高浓度镉污染土壤的修复作用并不明显,油菜对于镉污染土壤的净化作用较显著,但添加螯合剂对于提高修复水平效果并不显著。因此油菜较适宜作为镉污染土壤的修复植物,但添加螯合剂对植物修复的作用要视情况而定,不可盲目添加。