黄土区果园和刺槐林生态系统土壤有机碳变化及影响因素

果园和刺槐是黄土区小流域综合治理中两种典型土地利用方式,对比分析二者土壤固碳功能变化有助于深入了解小流域综合治理条件下陆地生态系统土壤碳循环过程及其影响因素.在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,针对20世纪80年代以来综合治理的王东沟小流域,选取坡地上不同生长年限苹果园和刺槐林群落,测定表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)以及根系生物量和地表凋落物含量,研究不同治理措施下SOC的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:1随生长年限的增加,苹果园中SOC、TN含量呈降低趋势,而刺槐林中呈增加趋势.与农地(对照)相比,3年、8年、12年、18年苹果园SOC、TN含量分别降低了3.26%、10.54%、18.08%、22.55%和-8.08%、-0.48%、4.97%、16.91%,12年、18年、25年刺槐林SOC、TN含量分别增加了5.31%、32.36%、44.13%和2.49%、15.75%、24.22%;23年、8年、12年、18年苹果园细根生物量,分别为农地(对照)的25.97%、66.23%、85.71%和96.10%,凋落物量均为0 g·m-2,而12年、18年、25年刺槐林细根生物量相较农地(对照),分别增加了23.53%、79.41%、157.35%,凋落物输入量分别为194、298、433g·(m2·a)-1;3有机物输入差异是导致果园和刺槐生态系统土壤固碳功能差异化的重要原因.     

间歇曝气SBR处理养猪沼液的短程脱氮性能

采用间歇曝气序批式活性污泥法(intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactors,IASBR)处理养猪沼液,研究在控温30℃、分步进水条件下的短程脱氮性能.结果表明,进水化学需氧量(COD)与总氮(TN)的比值对脱氮性能影响很大,当进水COD/TN为0.8±0.2时,反应器内亚硝态氮浓度持续积累到高达800 mg·L~(-1),对TN、氨氮(NH~+_4-N)和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率仅分别为18.3%±12.2%、84.2%±10.3%、60.7%±10.7%;进水COD/TN提高到2.4±0.5后,亚硝态氮积累浓度迅速从800 mg·L~(-1)降低至10 mg·L~(-1)以下,TN、氨氮和TOC的去除率分别上升至90%、95%和85%以上.逐步缩短HRT以提高运行负荷,发现氨氮负荷是IASBR稳定脱氮的制约因素,体系耐受的氨氮负荷最大为0.30 kg·(m3·d)-1,当超过耐受负荷后,TN、氨氮和TOC的去除率将显著下降.整个运行阶段反应器内亚硝态氮积累率达74.6%~97.8%,运行稳定期实现TN去除率达90%以上,IASBR系统在低碳氮比下实现了高效稳定的短程硝化反硝化,且不需要额外添加碱度药剂,在处理高氨氮低碳氮比废水上具有优越性.     

间歇式曝气生物滤池对焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的研究

为了提高焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度处理的脱氮效率,构建并启动了间歇式曝气生物滤池(IABF).在曝气阶段停止进水、停曝阶段进水的运行方式下,考察了曝气停曝时间比、运行周期、水力停留时间、碳氮比和气水比对反应器脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,在曝气停曝时间比为1:1,运行周期为1h,水力停留时间8h,COD/TN为4:1,气水比5:1的条件下,IABF取得最佳脱氮效率,平均出水TN可达到19.39 mg·L-1,NH4+-N为9.48 mg·L-1.TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为87.5％和84.1％,出水水质达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》.     

某城市污水厂运行中出现的问题及解决办法探讨

某城市污水处理厂采用改良氧化沟工艺处理生活污水,在运行中存在脱氮除磷效果不佳的问题。通过对该厂的工艺流程及进、出水水质情况等分析,结果表明:TN、TP去除率低的主要原因是进水有机物浓度与设计值相比偏低,氧化沟内很难形成设计时所设想的好氧/缺氧交替运行的环境以满足氮、磷的去除。因此,尽快完善污水收集系统,使城市污水处理厂进水水质达到设计要求是提高氮、磷去除效率的关键。在工艺中可适当减少曝气量来提高TN去除率,降低出水中的硝态氮和溶解氧,同时进一步提高TP去除率。     

秦淮河典型河段总氮总磷时空变异特征

2010年6月～2011年5月,对秦淮河典型河段水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的污染状况进行了周年定点观测,采用传统统计学方法初步探讨了秦淮河水体TN、TP污染状况及时空间变化特征.结果表明,秦淮河TN、TP污染严重,且具有很强的时空变异性.秦淮河传统农业区、集约农业区和城市区TN平均浓度分别为1.80、3.97、9.25 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.03、0.11、0.50 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河TN、TP主要来源于城市区和集约农业区,而传统农业区对水体TN、TP贡献较小.秦淮河丰水期和枯水期TN平均浓度分别为1.89、4.58 mg·L-1,TP平均浓度分别为0.11、0.14 mg·L-1,表明秦淮河枯水期较丰水期污染严重.富营养化评价结果显示,秦淮河河段大都处于富营养化状态,应及时采取治理措施.     

梁滩河沉积物中氮磷垂直分布研究

以梁滩河为研究对象,从上游到下游布置了15个采样点,研究了这些采样点的氮、磷浓度,并以其中几个采样点为主要对象,着重研究了氮、磷在不同深度的垂直分布情况。结果表明,梁滩河的上游左支氮、磷浓度已经较高,而上游右支受污染严重,特别是TN严重超标,说明长期受到生活污水和农业废水的污染。分析其垂直分布规律,TN、TP最高值大多出现在中间层,TP在底层的浓度总体要比表层高,而TN在底层的浓度总体要比表层低。梁滩河沉积物中氮、磷主要集中在中间层,中间层是营养物储存的主要场所。     

敏感区域目标污染物空间溯源分析

基于SPARROW模型,利用新安江流域2009~2010年60个监测站点的TN浓度数据,以及相关污染源及空间属性数据对流域水质进行模拟分析,结果表明,流域内69%的河段TN模拟浓度可以达到III类及以上水质标准.对跨省界评估断面——街口断面进行TN污染源溯源分析,发现上游各子流域的工业源污染对断面污染总量的贡献比例为7.41%,农业源污染贡献比例为57.52%,生活源污染贡献比例为35.07%,且分别具有不同的空间分布特征,可以考虑使用该方法为以跨界断面污染物浓度控制为目标的相关削减措施的提出提供技术支持.     

Survey and determination of Anzali wetland trophic state through geographic information systems (GIS)

The trophic state of the Anzali wetland was determined by nutrient analysis, indicating an alarming hypertrophic state. The Anzali wetland is environmentally and economically one of the most important ecosystems that is located in north-west Iran. This wetland was registered as a Ramsar site in September 1975, but due to many problems, particularly eutrophication created by excessive amounts of nutrients, it was registered in the Montreux record. This study was conducted for a year on 21 stations in three zones including receiving rivers, surface water and exiting rivers. Geographic information systems were used to better understand the prevailing situation. Analysis was conducted according to international standards and classification of OECD for freshwaters. The indicators used were levels of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), and the trophic state index (TSI). Data showed an increase of excess nutrients from domestic and agricultural sources, leading to human, cultural eutrophication processes rather than natural eutrophication.     

CALIBRATION OF STORM LOADS IN THE SOUTH PRONG WATERSHED,FLORIDA, USING BASINS/HSPF1

ABSTRACT: The South Prong watershed is a major tributary system of the Sebastian River and adjacent Indian River Lagoon. Continued urbanization of the Sebastian River drainage basin and other watersheds of the Indian River Lagoon is expected to increase runoff and nonpoint source pollutant loads. The St. Johns River Water Management District developed watershed simulation models to estimate potential impacts on the ecological systems of receiving waters and to assist planners in devising strategies to prevent further degradation of water resources. In the South Prong system, a storm water sampling program was carried out to calibrate the water quality components of the watershed model for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorous (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). During the period of May to November 1999, water quality and flow data were collected at three locations within the watershed. Two of the sampling stations were located at the downstream end of major watercourses. The third station was located at the watershed outlet. Five storm events were sampled and measured at each station. Sampling was conducted at appropriate intervals to represent the rising limb, peak, and recession limb of each storm event. The simulations were handled by HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program‐Fortran). Results include calibration of the hydrology and calibration of the individual storm loads. The hydrologic calibration was continuous over the period 1994 through 1999. Simulated storm runoff, storm loads, and event mean concentrations were compared with their corresponding observed values. The hydrologic calibration showed good results. The outcome of the individual storm calibrations was mixed. Overall, however, the simulated storm loads agreed reasonably well with measured loads for a majority of the storms.