乌梁素海鱼类种群变化的研究

根据乌梁素海实地调查和资料分析 ,对乌梁素海鱼类种类、区系特征、鱼类种群现状及变化进行分析 ,并提出保护鱼类种群及鱼类资源的建议     

“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染时空分布及污染治理成效分析

为掌握“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染的总体情况和变化趋势,采用数据统计分析方法对2016—2020年该流域水质锑变化特征进行研究,同时分析锑污染时间变化趋势和空间分布情况。结果表明,“十三五”期间,资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善,尤其资江干流下游益阳市内的锑污染明显减轻,由2016年的超标率100%到2020年全部实现达标,各断面锑的质量浓度最大降幅达55.5%。资江支流中,2020年邵水断面锑质量浓度年均值较2018年下降了13.1%。资江流域的娄底、邵阳和益阳市均采取了一系列锑污染防治措施,使得资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善。但资江支流中邵水和平溪江污染最重断面锑质量浓度年均值仍有超标,建议“十四五”期间加强流域内涉锑企业和历史遗留污染的治理,力争尽早实现资江全流域水质的全面达标。     

Size-related bioaccumulation and between-year variation of organochlorines in ice-associated amphipods from the Arctic Ocean

Organochlorines are found even in organisms living in remote areas such as the Arctic marginal ice zone. Organochlorine concentrations in ice-associated (sympagic) amphipods are related to their diet. Therefore, the size-dependent diet shift of Gammarus wilkitzkii may influence its organochlorine content. In this preliminary study, the organochlorine concentrations in two size classes (small 29 mm and large >29 mm) of G. wilkitzkii were analysed. The concentrations of more lipophilic compounds [e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were lower in the small than the large size class, whereas concentrations of less lipophilic compounds [e.g. hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)] did not differ by size class.

Since contamination transport by the atmosphere, ocean currents and sea ice may vary, the organochlorine burden in sympagic organisms may also vary. There are no data available on temporal variation of organochlorine burden in Arctic sympagic fauna. Therefore, we compared organochlorine concentrations in sympagic amphipods (G. wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis and Onisimus spp.) between 1998 and 1999. Organochlorine concentrations in all amphipods were low in both years, with sum organochlorines from 50.7 to 621.9 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight. The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes, DDTs and PCBs were higher in 1999 than 1998, whereas the HCH concentrations were lower in 1999 than 1998. The organochlorine concentrations differed between the taxa in both years in a similar increasing manner from A. glacialis to both G. wilkitzkii and Onisimus spp.

In studies of bioaccumulation relative to body size and temporal variation, a thorough interpretation requires samples from several size classes and years. Nevertheless, the present data provide new knowledge on contaminants in Arctic invertebrates where data are scarce.     

Biogeographical differences between the two Capra pyrenaica subspecies, C. p. victoriae and C. p. hispanica, inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula: Implications for conservation

The Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), an endemic species to the Iberian Peninsula, was represented in the past by four subspecies. Currently, the conservation status of the recognized subspecies - C. p. hispanica and C. p. victoriae - is quite different, being the former broadly distributed while the latter inhabits fewer and smaller areas. In this global context, our specific aims were to assess the biogeographical relationships, similarities and differences between the Iberian wild goat subspecies, and to evaluate their conservation status from a biogeographical perspective. We modelled the ecogeographical favourability for each subspecies, and also for the whole species, and we comparatively analyzed the spatial relationships among models in order to detect differential biogeographical patterns. Our results showed a differential pattern for each Iberian wild goat subspecies, and thus each one should be independently considered when designing management strategies. The distribution of C. p. victoriae was closely related to climatic conditions, thus it is highly sensitive to variations in climatic characteristics. Finally, from the perspective of metapopulation theory, and according to the geographical structure of their favourable areas, C. p. victoriae is at higher risk than C. p. hispanica. We discuss the implications of our results for species/subspecies conservation, and highlight the importance of conservation biogeography.     

我国降水的时空变化与暴雨洪涝灾害

本文论述与降水的时空变化相联系的我国暴雨洪涝灾害的主要特征。我国受东亚季风影响明显,暴雨活动频繁。各地的降水分布极不均匀。暴雨（降水）活动具有明显的年代际变化、年际变化、季节性变化和季节内振荡。与之相对应的暴雨洪涝灾害也具有以上的时空变化特征。我国东南部沿海地区受两种不同性质的降水天气——非台风暴雨和台风暴雨的影响,而各沿海省（区）由两者造成的洪涝灾害程度大小也不同。华南地区后汛期中的暴雨洪涝灾害比前汛期的严重。湖南省的降水一年中具有两个峰值,所造成的洪涝灾害也有两个季节性极大值点。     

广州后航道水环境污染的变化特征和对策

从珠江广州河段后航道多年的水质变化状况与广州市部分区域污染源情况看水体环境污染的变化特征，并提出了治理对策的建议。     

材料自然环境试验数据工程化应用方法探讨

目的研究探讨材料自然环境试验数据在装备设计选材和寿命预测方面的工程化应用方法。方法通过分析材料自然环境试验数据与装备实际使用状态的符合性原则,利用肖维奈准则和子样变异系数法对暴露于海南万宁的2A12铝合金抗拉强度试验数据进行处理。采用环境效应修正系数C-t曲线初步评价2A12铝合金在某型飞机上的工程应用情况及使用寿命。结果 2A12铝合金海洋大气环境下最终的使用年限为36年,满足在海洋大气环境服役使用要求,同时满足一般军用飞机最长30年日历寿命要求,可将2A12铝合金应用于机身、机翼上翼面、平尾、垂尾等机体主要部位。结论该方法初步实现了材料自然环境试验数据在某型飞机上的工程化应用。     

21世纪人类将面临的环境灾害

环境问题是当今世界面临的重大问题,已引起世界各国高度重视。本文就21世纪威胁人类健康发展一些环境问题进行了简要阐述,以期引起人们的重视和开展研究工作有所借鉴。     

广州市空气可吸入颗粒物污染现状研究

根据近年来广州市区空气质量监测资料,对广州市空气可吸入颗粒物（PM10）的污染水平、时空变化特征进行了分析、评价。结果表明,2007年广州市PM10平均浓度为0．077mg／m^3,符合国家空气质量二级标准。得益于空气污染控制取得的成效,近5年来PM10年均浓度呈下降趋势。受气候因素影响,PM10污染季节变化明显,冬季节较高,夏季节浓度较低;在空间分布上PM10污染呈现区域性发展趋势。     

Multiscale Drivers of Water Chemistry of Boreal Lakes and Streams

The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon, TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3% (streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables (9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and 3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes) and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management) endeavors.