黑龙江省湿地生态环境监测指标的探讨

根据黑龙江省湿地生态环境特点,研究讨论了建立湿地生态环境监测指标体系应遵循的原则,并提出了优先监测项目。     

河口人工湿地植物配置与景观建设维护研究——以沈阳市辉山明渠河口湿地为例

以沈阳市辉山明渠入浑河河口湿地为研究对象,通过植物适应性分析、湿地植物选择、湿地植物优化配置、景观合理性配置等综合调控措施,使辉山明渠入浑河水质得到有效改善、湿地生物多样性得到恢复、人工湿地生态系统稳定性增强、形成独具特色的河口湿地景观。     

哈尔滨松江湿地重金属空间分布及潜在生态风险评价

为了解哈尔滨松江湿地沉积物中重金属的污染程度,对其表层沉积物中8种重金属元素（Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn）的含量及其空间分布进行研究,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法对表层沉积物重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明:①松江湿地沉积物中w（Cd）、w（Hg）和w（Pb）的平均值均高于松嫩平原土壤环境背景值,表明Cd、Hg、Pb这3种重金属元素存在富集.②相关分析显示,沉积物中w（TOC）、w（TN）均与各重金属含量之间存在相关性,而pH与各重金属含量无相关性.主成分分析显示,8种重金属可被辨识为2个主成分,即Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb为人为复合源因子,As、Cd和Hg为农业源因子.空间分析显示,松江湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn和Cr主要分布在阿什河口和白鱼泡湿地,As、Cd和Hg主要分布在金河湾、阿什河口和白鱼泡湿地,Pb主要分布在阿什河口湿地.③地积累指数（I_geo）评价表明,在所有采样点中Cd和Hg分别处于轻度和偏中度污染水平,其他元素均处于无污染水平.④潜在生态风险指数分析结果表明,松江湿地重金属的潜在生态风险主要是由Cd和Hg引起,二者贡献率分别为33.4%和57.6%;整个研究区综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）介于135.28~733.27之间,平均值为234.47,属于中度污染.8个采样区的生态风险指数依次为阿什河口>金河湾>白鱼泡>太平庄滩>松江>呼兰河口>滨江>太阳岛,其中,阿什河口湿地达到了较高污染,其他采样区均为中度污染.研究显示,松江湿地表层沉积物中重金属存在生态风险,其中以阿什河口湿地风险为最高.      

1986～2015年棋盘山水库湿地保护地生态系统演变分析

为探讨沈阳市棋盘山水库湿地保护地近30年生态系统演变规律,文章运用3S技术和景观格局指数,分析了保护地1986~2015年生态系统时空变化及景观格局演变特征。结果表明:1986~2015年间,由于人类活动的干扰,保护地景观破碎度和空间异质性不断增加,水库周边建设用地围绕水库向南部、北部不断扩张,不利于生态系统服务功能的保护和提升,但总体上看,2000~2015年人类活动强度低于1986~2000年,说明该时期生态保护工作取得一定成效。为提升保护地景观质量和生态系统服务功能,提出了保护地生态系统服务可持续管理对策。     

RESEARCH: Issues Related to Greenhouse Effect,Productivity Modeling,and Nutrient Cycling: A Case Study of Indian Wetlands

/ Models available in the literature on nutrient uptake, lightavailability, and chlorophyll growth have been suitably modified andintegrated through the computer program CHLORF (written in "C"language), which has the advantage of being amenable to simulation undervarious combinations of input variables. The model has been used forsensitivity analysis in order to identify the most sensitive set ofparameters whose control can form an appropriate basis for evolving pragmaticmanagement strategies. In addition, greenhouse mitigation potential has beencomputed in terms of assimilation of carbon dioxide for a case study ofIndian wetlands.KEY WORDS: Wetland; Nutrient cycling; Modeling; Greenhouse effect     

鄱阳湖湿地环境开发初探

本文讨论了鄱阳湖区湿地生态功能，分析了不合理利用造成的湿地资源衰退，水生生物难以恢复，据此提出了相应对策。     

黄河三角洲湿地生态系统及其保护的初步研究

本文对黄河三角洲湿地生态系统的类型、特征、演替、演化进行了分析 ,并探讨了有关保护对策。     

Evaluation of US EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's (EMAP)-Wetlands sampling design and classification

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) will monitor the nation's resources by evaluating the status and trends of selected indicators of condition using a probability-based sampling design. The EMAP-Wetlands program will monitor the condition of the nation's wetlands. The EMAP classification system is an aggregation of the many subclasses of the US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) classification system. This aggregation results in fewer wetland classes with more wetlands per class than the NWI system. Aggregation of the NWI classification was based primarily on dominant vegetation cover, flooding regimes, dominant water source, and adjacency to rivers and lakes. We evaluated the EMAP classification system and sampling design using NWI digital wetlands data for portions of Illinois, Washington, North Dakota, and South Dakata. Relative numbers of wetlands, total areas, average areas, and common versus rare classes were compared between the EMAP and NWI classification systems. As expected, the EMAP classification provided fewer wetland polygons, each with larger areas, without altering total wetland area. Summary statistics comparing sample estimates to true population parameters (represented by the NWI data) demonstrated the effectiveness of the EMAP sampling design with the exception of rare EMAP classes in the selected regions. Although simple random sampling is inadequate for both large and small wetlands, the EMAP sampling design is readily adapted to provide better estimates for these categories. Aggregating the NWI classification to the EMAP classification provides fewer wetland classes, with more wetlands per class, for EMAP's annual reports and statistical summaries. The research in this report has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under contracts 68-C8-0006 to ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. and 68-03-3532 to The Bionetics Corporation. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

Temporal changes in wetland landscapes of a section of the St. Lawrence River,Canada

Historical aerial photographs (from 1946 through 1983) were used to study and describe the nature and extent of changes in wetland vegetation of a section of the St. Lawrence River and to evaluate the relative importance of water level, fire, and vegetational development as causal factors of these historical changes. Data were encoded and analyzed using a geographical information system, autocorrelation, and Mantel tests. Results show three temporal patterns in wetland dynamics. First, some wetland zones have been reduced by human activities (urbanization, landfilling, canal dredging). The second group consists of wetland areas that remain stable and do not change over time. They are generally protected sites artificially maintained by water-level control. A third situation has occurred in the Lake Saint-François National Wildlife Area, where no significant wetland losses were detected, but where landscape structure has changed greatly. Modeling with Mantel tests suggests that, in the latter case, these changes in wetland landscape are related to the suppression of burning (fires set deliberately by Indians) since the purchase of the territory by the Canadian federal government. This situation has caused rapid replacement of wet meadows byAlnus rugosa scrub and a possible decline in habitat diversity.     

Trends and patterns in section 404 permitting requiring compensatory mitigation in Oregon and Washington,USA

The effects of permitting decisions made under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act for which compensatory mitigation was required were examined. Information was compiled on permits issued in Oregon (January 1977–January 1987) and Washington (1980–1986). Data on the type of project permitted, wetland impacted, and mitigation project were collected and analyzed. The records of the Portland and Seattle District Offices of the US Army Corps of Engineers and of Environmental Protection Agency Region X were the primary sources of information. The 58 permits issued during the years of concern in Oregon document impacts to 82 wetlands and the creation of 80. The total area of wetland impacted was 74 ha while 42 ha were created, resulting in a net loss of 32 ha or 43%. The 35 permits issued in Washington document impacts to 72 wetlands and the creation of 52. The total area of wetland impacted was 61 ha while 45 ha were created, resulting in a net loss of 16 ha or 26%. In both states, the number of permits requiring compensation increased with time. The area of the impacted and created wetlands tended to be ≤0.40 ha. Permitted activity occurred primarily west of the Cascade Mountains and in the vicinity of urban centers. Estuarine and palustrine wetlands were impacted and created most frequently. The wetland types created most often were not always the same as those impacted; therefore, local gains and losses of certain types occurred. In both states the greatest net loss in area was in freshwater marshes. This study illustrates how Section 404 permit data might be used in managing a regional wetland resource. However, because the data readily available were either incomplete or of poor quality, the process of gathering information was very labor intensive. Since similar analyses would be useful to resource managers and scientists from other areas, development of an up-to-date standardized data base is recommended.