碱度和浊度对混凝去除磺胺甲唑与土霉素的影响

为研究不同碱度和浊度下抗生素SMZ(磺胺甲唑)和OTC(土霉素)的混凝去除特征,选择PAC(聚合氯化铝)为混凝剂,并分别以碳酸氢钠、高岭土调节碱度〔以ρ(CaCO₃)计〕和浊度进行混凝模拟试验. 结果表明:当浊度为10 NTU时,SMZ和OTC的混凝去除率随着c(PAC)(以Al3+计)的增加而增加;在碱度为100 mg/L、c(PAC)为0.35×10-3 mol/L时,浊度对抗生素的去除有一定的影响但不显著,对SMZ去除的影响大于OTC. c(PAC)为0 mol/L时,高岭土对目标抗生素的吸附去除率较低,表明对抗生素去除起主要作用的是PAC. 碱度对SMZ和OTC的混凝去除率影响显著,这种影响是通过同时影响PAC的水解产物形态和抗生素总电荷而发挥作用的. 碱度为0 mg/L时,SMZ与OTC的混凝去除率分别为6.79%、-3.42%;碱度为25、100 mg/L时,SMZ与OTC的混凝去除率明显增加,并且当c(PAC)<0.3×10-3 mol/L时,低碱度(25 mg/L)下抗生素的混凝去除率优于高碱度(100 mg/L),而当c(PAC)>0.3×10-3 mol/L时则相反. 研究显示,碱度和浊度对混凝去除抗生素均有明显影响,但碱度对混凝去除抗生素的影响大于浊度.      

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

长期土壤酸化模型(LTSAM)

以碱总量守恒为基础，以Ｕｌｒｉｃｈ缓冲范围为模型主要框架建立了兼能描述酸性与石灰性土壤长期酸化反应过程的动态模型．经与ＳＭＡＲＴ模型在理论设计和模拟结果两方面作对比之后，又利用新建模型以北京地区典型褐土为例进行了硫沉降与酸（Ｈ＋）沉降的对比计算．结果表明：（１）ＬＴＳＡＭ模型能够很好地反映土壤缓冲酸的主要机制．（２）模式运行即稳定又省时．（３）大气硫沉降不同于酸沉降．也就是说，硫沉降改变时，阳离子（尤其是主要离子）沉降量的变化应当加以考虑．     

序批式缺氧-好氧工艺处理味精废水试验研究

味精废水经吹脱、稀释预处理 ,CODCr32 0 0mg/L、氨氮 170mg/L、总氮 40 0mg/L ,在CODCr负荷 0 6kg/m3 ·d下 ,接触氧化法和活性污泥法都能达到GB8978 96的排放标准。当负荷为 0 8kg/m3 ·d时 ,低浓度进水方式可以使出水CODCr接近处理目标 ,但出水CODCr排放总量增加。由于味精废水含有高浓度的硫酸盐 ,缺氧状态下 ,硫酸盐还原反应影响了反映硝化反应。味精废水自身碱度不足 ,必须投加充足的碱量 ,以避免硝化时 pH的下降。     

降低废水厌氧处理所需碱度的有效途径

通过分析厌氧处理系统VFA碱度和H2 CO3 碱度的变化特点 ,指出厌氧处理系统所需VFA碱度与运行方式、运行控制、水质、温度等因素有关 ,良好运行的厌氧系统所需碱度主要是H2 CO3 碱度 ;高效吹脱的厌氧系统所需H2 CO3 碱度很小 ,尤其是低浓度废水可通过选择投加碱度的种类以吸收CO2 或通过CO2 气相控制等手段将H2 CO3 碱度降至最小。     

UASB-接触氧化法处理果汁厂废水研究

中国是浓缩果汁生产大国,河南省三门峡市果汁生产企业众多,果汁厂废水处理问题亟待解决,本研究以高效厌氧反应器UASB技术为核心,采用UASB-接触氧化法进行果汁废水处理,设计主要工艺流程,对系统运行预期效果及经济成本进行分析,并探讨处理过程中的条件控制,以期获得符合三门峡果汁生产企业实际的废水处理方案,并为同类企业提供技术支持和参考案例.通过试运行最终得出将回流比固定为8 ～ 10,体系pH为6.6～7.0,系统运行稳定且COD去除率较高.     

PREDICTING BASEFLOW ALKALINITY AS AN INDEX TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION AND FISH PRESENCE1

ABSTRACT: Regression models to predict baseflow alkalinity from basin hydrogeology were developed and verified for headwater streams on the Laurel Hill anticline in southwestern Pennsylvania. Predicted baseflow alkalinities were then used to estimate sensitivity to acidification and presence of trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations for 61 headwater streams. Sensitivity classifications were verified by surveying trout populations. Geologic variables relating to the carbonate rock burial depth, extent of carbonate rock recharge areas, and length of stream channel flowing through effluent carbonate rock outcrops were much more useful in predicting baseflow alkalinity than areal extent of carbonate rocks. Baseflow alkalinity was not well related to status of trout populations on these anticlinal basins, especially on noneffluent basins where bedrock dip exceeded surface slope.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融固化处理过程特性分析

为研究熔融固化过程中飞灰主要成分的迁移转化规律,在有温控的高温实验熔融炉中对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了动态熔融固化实验研究,对处理后的飞灰进行了XRF、XRD分析检测,分析了飞灰熔融过程中熔融渣的主要成分、物相组成、碱度、挥发率和减容率的变化规律.试验结果表明:①飞灰中主要成分CaO、Al₂O₃和SiO₂的质量分数随着温度的升高而增加,而主要成分Cl元素和SO₃则从原来的20.59%和10.74%分别降低到0.15%和0.22%,可见高含量Cl元素和S元素是引起飞灰熔融固化挥发率高的主要原因,并且可能主要以氯化物和硬石膏的形式分解挥发,XRD的测定结果也进一步证明了这一点.②飞灰熔融前,碱度随温度的升高而显著降低,但当温度达到流动温度后,碱度值随温度的变化很小,基本保持在0.95左右.③飞灰中盐类分解挥发主要发生在1150℃～1260℃之间,在飞灰熔融温度前约100℃的范围内.     

镁碱化对土壤微生物活性和水解酶的影响

研究了镁碱度对土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响,研究地点位于甘肃河西走廊疏勒河中游昌马洪积冲积扇缘。从10个具有不同镁碱化程度的采样点,采集土壤样品30个,测定了土样的pH、镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-、钠碱度、有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶等指标。结果表明：土壤pH和钠碱度没有明显的相关性,而和镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.70、0.69和0.72。镁碱度和Mg2＋/Ca2＋显著正相关,相关系数为0.84。有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率的变化范围分别是6.4-18.5 g·kg-1、0.28-1.20 g·kg-1、23.1-351.9 mg·kg-1、0.37-2.52%、0.77-1.83μmol.g-1.d-1,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.52、-0.50、-0.59、-0.62、-0.65。β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶的变化范围分别是6.68-27.79μmol.g-1.h-1、7.03-25.99μmol.g-1.h-1、0.11-0.76μg.g-1.h-1、0.05-0.48μmol.g-1.h-1、0.07-0.61μmol.g-1.h-1吗,和微生物生物量碳之间显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.73、0.71、0.78、0.87、0.81,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.59、-0.58、-0.60、-0.56、-0.54。可见,镁碱化会造成土壤有机质含量下降、微生物生物量变小、微生物活性降低、水解酶活性低下,镁碱化是导致土地生产力低下的原因之一。     

催化汽油碱渣游离减度的定量问题探讨

通常以酚欧和甲基但作为指示剂进行酸碱满足测定游离碱度．催化汽油碱渣中的酚类化合物对游商碱度的测定有正项干扰．这个干扰可以由碱度差减去酚的浓度来消除．试验表明，该方法比碱度差方法误差小。使用方法可获得可信的结果．