Community Structure and Quality After 10 Years in Two Central Ohio Mitigation Bank Wetlands

We evaluate two 10-year-old mitigation bank wetlands in central Ohio, one created and one with restored and enhanced components, by analysis of vegetation characteristics and by comparison of the year-10 vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities with reference wetlands. To assess different measures of wetland development, we compare the prevalence of native hydrophytes with an index of floristic quality and we evaluate the predictability of these parameters in year 10, given 5 years of data. Results show that the mitigation wetlands in this study meet vegetation performance criteria of native hydrophyte establishment by year 5 and maintain these characteristics through year 10. Species richness and floristic quality, as well as vegetative similarity with reference wetlands, differ among mitigation wetlands in year 1 and also in their rate of change during the first 10 years. The prevalence of native hydrophytes is reasonably predictable by year 10, but 5 years of monitoring is not sufficient to predict future trends of floristic quality in either the created or restored wetland. By year 10, macroinvertebrate taxa richness does not statistically differ among these wetlands, but mitigation wetlands differ from reference sites by tolerance index and by trophic guild dominance. The created wetland herbivore biomass is significantly smaller than its reference, whereas detritivore biomass is significantly greater in the created wetland and smaller in the restored wetland as compared with respective reference wetlands. These analyses illustrate differences in measures of wetland performance and contrast the monitoring duration necessary for legal compliance with the duration required for development of more complex indicators of ecosystem integrity.     

超滤膜的超声波助清洗研究

考察了不同功率的超声波对超滤膜性能的影响.结果表明:20W功率的超声波对超滤膜截留率的影响不大,大于30W以后,超滤膜的截留率下降明显.在此基础上,对实际工业现场印钞擦版废液污染超滤膜的化学清洗过程中,附以20W低功率超声波,可以发挥其超强振动和超搅拌作用,从而将化学清洗时间从20～30min缩短到5min左右,极大地提高了膜清洗效率.SEM的观察结果显示,在仅采用简单的超声波物理清洗时,膜表面的污染物并不能彻底有效地得以清除.     

INFLUENCE OF TWO WOODY RIPARIAN SPECIES ON CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR STREAMBANK STABILITY: UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA1

Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine grained sediment emanating from upland and channel erosion. A recent study showed that the Upper Truckee River is the single largest contributor of sediment to Lake Tahoe, with a large proportion of the sediment load emanating from streambanks. This study combines field data with numerical modeling to identify the critical conditions for bank stability along an unstable reach of the Upper Truckee River, California. Bank failures occur during winter and spring months, brought on by repeated basal melting of snow packs and rain‐on‐snow events. Field studies of young lodgepole pines and Lemmon's willow were used to quantify the mechanical, hydrologic, and net effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Lemmon's willow provided an order of magnitude more root reinforcement (5.5 kPa) than the lodgepole pines (0.5 kPa); the hydrologic effects of the species varied spatially and temporally and generally were of a smaller magnitude than the mechanical effects. Overall, Lemmon's willow provided a significant increase in bank strength, reducing the frequency of bank failures and delivery of fine grained sediment to the study reach of the Upper Truckee River.     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF VARIABLE ANNUAL FLOW ON RIVER CHANNEL MEANDER MIGRATION PATTERNS,SACRAMENTO RIVER,CALIFORNIA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Flow regulation impacts the ecology of major rivers in various ways, including altering river channel migration patterns. Many current meander migration models employ a constant annual flow or dominant discharge value. To assess how flow regulation alters river function, variable annual flows ‐ based on an empirical relationship between bank erosion rates and cumulative effective stream power ‐ were added into an existing migration model. This enhanced model was used to evaluate the potential geomorphic and ecological consequences of four regulated flow scenarios (i.e., different hydrographs) currently being proposed on the Sacramento River in California. The observed rate of land reworked correlated significantly with observed cumulative effective stream power during seven time increments from 1956 to 1975 (r²= 0.74, p = 0.02). The river was observed to rework 3.0 ha/yr of land (a mean channel migration rate of 7.7 m/yr) with rates ranging from 0.8 ha/yr to 5.1 ha/yr (2.0 to 13.3 m/yr), during the analyzed time periods. Modeled rates of land reworked correlated significantly with observed rates of land reworked for the variable flow model (r²= 0.78, p = 0.009). The meander migration scenario modeling predicted a difference of 1 to 8 percent between the four flow management scenarios and the base scenario.     

岸边填土地基的强度与稳定性加固

岸边混杂填土结构松散,易受地表水流等外界因素的影响,常产生地面沉陷、崩塌和整体滑移等破坏现象.对于这类地基,可先设置散粒材料增强体使其初步硬化,再利用高置换率的复合地基抗滑坝体形成护坡和阻止整体滑移的作用,最后通过低能级强夯处理,将碎石桩复合地基的单一结构改变成具有碎石二合土硬壳层的三层结构,从而可较大程度地提高地基的强度和稳定性.通过对碎石桩夯击破坏性状的分析,提出了确定抗滑复合坝体宽度和夯击处理深度的设计计算方法.     

长江江苏段岸线利用与港口布局

长江江苏段拥有全长约８３７ｋｍ的士流岸线资源,至１９９７年底,实际利用率超过１７％,位居沿江各省市之首,但同时也存在岸线利用缺乏统一的规划管理,造成部门与部门、地方与部门以及地方与地方之间存在矛盾、港口码头建设政出多门,布点过多、能力过大与结构雷同的重复建设现象突出的重大岸线开放工程缺乏足够的科学论证、带有一定的盲目与随意性等亟待解决的重大问题。因此,尽快制定权威的岸线功能区划和开发利用规划、建立     

鼎湖山森林土壤种子库动态研究

在鼎湖山森林季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松林林型中研究土壤种子库储量、多样性格局和生活型等。通过分析两层取土样，风干土壤样品，对样品进行筛选，过滤出种子，并进行种子分类鉴定，用土芯实验法检测土壤种子库的组成。结果表明，在4个取样地点的种子库中，上层种子的Shannon多样性指数和Simpson指数都明显高于下层。草本植物不仅是种类还是数量上都是这三种林型土壤种子库的主体成分，特别是在针叶林中，种子储量占有十分显著的优势地位，随着演替年龄的增长，草本植物在种子库储量中占的比例有所减少。另外，种子库中优势成分与取样地点地面植被相应层次的优势种存在较大差异，说明植物群落地上部分的发育与其它地下部分的土壤种子库的发育具有明显的不同步性，这一结果表明土壤种子库的内在潜力对森林更新及植物群落演替动态产生了重要影响。     

川西米亚罗地区亚高山针叶林建群种云杉土壤种子库研究

对川西米亚罗地区天然亚高山针叶林云杉种群的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究 .结果表明 :云杉种子雨过程从 2 0 0 2年 10月初到翌年 1月初 ,种子雨雨量 (n)为 5 79.99± 110 .84粒 /m2 ,其中种子下落主要集中在 11月 ,占种子雨总量的 5 7.80 % .种子雨分布格局呈集群分布 .于 2 0 0 3年春季 (3月 )和夏季 (8月 )两次对该天然云杉林土壤种子库取样 ,土壤种子库大小分别为 4 72 .8± 74 .82粒 /m2 和 185 .5± 89.95粒 /m2 ;腐烂种子分别为 39.6 0± 13.2 4粒 /m2和 12 0 .0± 6 3.39粒 /m2 ,腐烂种子比例由 8.39%增加到 6 4 .6 9% ;空粒种子分别为 118.8± 4 4 .6 6粒 /m2 和 6 5 .5± 2 6 .4 8粒 /m2 ,所占比例从 2 5 .14 %增加到 35 .31% .两次取样结果都表明 ,种子库种子主要集中在枯枝落叶层 ,分别占6 6 .17%和 6 6 .0 3% ,0～ 2cm层占 2 4 .73%和 2 3.4 5 % ,2～ 5cm层占 9.10 %和 10 .5 1% .到 8月 ,土壤中几乎所有云杉种子都失去活力 ,说明云杉种子库属于Thompson和Grime定义的第Ⅱ类型 ,即土壤种子库仅在冬季存在 ,在春季萌发 .土壤中春、夏、秋季种子很少或几乎没有 .林下云杉幼苗在 2 0 0 3年 6月 3号开始出现 ,在 6月中旬左右到达出苗高峰 ,累计平均幼苗数 4 .35株 /m2 .在川西米亚罗地区天然     

城市湖泊生态恢复与景观设计

按照从水生生态系统向陆地生态系统过渡的顺序，尝试提出了城市湖泊水生植被恢复与景观设计、湖滨带生态恢复与景观设计以及湖岸和连通沟渠生态恢复与景观设计的设计思路，并逐一进行分析。     

关于银行存款余额调节表的编制方法的见解

本文指出了现行银行存款余额调节表编制方法存在的问题,明确提出了银行存款余额调节表的编制方法的理论依据,建立了完整的银行存款余额调节表的编制方法体系。