美国大气污染物排放标准体系综述

介绍了美国大气固定源排放标准的体系、标准内容、标准制定程序与标准实施的有关规定。并分析了其特点。     

火炸药装药实验室寿命评估标准体系研究

为解决我国火炸药装药寿命评估标准工作滞后、体系缺失等问题,规范和指导火炸药装药寿命评估工作,提升寿命评估结果的准确性和认可度,从火炸药装药实验室寿命评估技术体系出发,探讨了火炸药装药寿命评估的流程及技术要求。参照北约弹药装药安全性及寿命评估的相关标准情报资料,构建了我国火炸药装药实验室寿命评估标准体系框架,明确了标准体系建设内容。提出我国火炸药装药实验室寿命评估标准体系按照系统科学、层次分明、综合开放的思路进行构建,分为顶层规范类标准、设计类标准、操作类标准3个层次。     

流域生态补偿理论探讨

流域生态补偿是协调流域生态环境保护和经济发展之间矛盾,调整流域内区域间损益关系的有效手段。文章从流域内人类活动产生的损益人手,论述了流域生态补偿的概念、理论基础和运行机铷,并利用经济学原理,对生态补偿的必要性和补偿标准进行了理论解析,给出了流域生态补偿必要性的理论依据和需要补偿量的理论值。在此基础上,根据流域人类活动的正负外部性等原则,对流域生态补偿进行了分类。依据流域生态补偿分类,梳理出了我国流域生态补偿重点区域。通过对流域生态补偿理论探讨,以期作为进一步研究和应用实践的参考和启示。     

畜牧业清洁生产的生态服务价值评估及补偿模式研究——以山东省规模养猪场为例

本文运用市场价值法、有效成本法、避免成本法,以山东省为例对规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务价值进行了评估,并探讨了清洁生产生态服务价值的补偿模式。结果表明:山东省规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务总价值为140.804亿元,其价值构成为绿色产品供给价值(84.22%)>气体调节价值(10.66%)>资源化利用价值(2.23%)>水质保护价值(1.96%)>土壤保护价值(0.92%)>水源节约价值(0.01%),说明清洁生产带来的尚未被养殖主体、政府和公众重视的生态服务价值巨大,同时也说明清洁生产具有极强的正外部性。为实现清洁生产生态服务价值,构建了政府补偿、市场化补偿和社会补偿协同作用的多元化生态补偿模式,其中政府补偿模式以资金补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿和智力补偿为主,市场化补偿模式主要表现为排污权交易和生态标记,社会补偿模式以自力补偿为主、相关企业参与为辅。     

控制车用汽油有害物质降低机动车排放

首先介绍了汽油成分的基本特性,及不同组分对于排放的影响。汽油组成中硫对汽车排放影响较大;芳烃和苯的排放对人体徤康有害;烯烃不仅是影响发动机喷嘴进气阀及燃烧室沉积物生成的重要因素,而且影响光化学烟雾的形成。中国汽油的特点是烯烃含量高,芳烃和苯含量低,硫含量有上升的趋势。还介绍了国外汽油组成的变化趋势和发展动向,根据上述特点,在《车用汽油有害物质控制标准》中对9项指标提出了上限值:苯为2.5%;烯烃为35%;芳烃为40%;锰为18 mg/L;铅为13 mg/L;磷为1.3 mg/L;硫为0.08 % ;铁和铜不得检出。      

低渗透油田采出水回注标准探讨

我国陆上石油天然气开采行业污染物控制标准仍未发布,石油天然气开发行业建设项目环境影响评价中对采出水回注标准执行情况存在较大的争议.从国内现行的环境保护政策、采出水回注标准、采出水性质、低渗透油藏特性等方面进行剖析后,认为低渗透油藏基于岩心伤害率可接受情况和采出水处理经济技术可行性,制定油区采出水处理的水质标准,是满足油...     

生态补偿对象空间选择的研究进展及展望

生态补偿作为一种将外在的、非市场环境服务转化为当地参与者提供生态系统服务的财政激励机制而备受世界关注。为了全面认识国际生态补偿对象空间选择的状况与成果,促进国际生态补偿对象空间选择研究的交流与合作,论文在分析国际相关理论和实践研究的基础上,概括介绍了生态补偿对象空间选择的相关概念和研究背景,对不同补偿对象选择方案进行了归纳梳理和比较分析,简要介绍了得分函数法、距离函数法和GAP分析法等研究方法,比较分析了研究方法的优缺点,最后提出了思考和展望：选择方案的设计既要注重资金效益,又要兼顾公平;努力建立生态补偿效果的评价机制,逐步完善生态补偿对象选择方案,健全生态补偿机制。     

Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling

The simplicity of many bioeconomic models has been criticised several times, due to their lack of realism resulting from a deterministic nature and a single-species focus. In this context it was interesting to test the financial sensitivity of bioeconomic modelling against fairly well documented ecological effects in mixed forests. For this purpose our study linked existing results of ecological research with bioeconomic modelling. The presented methodological approach could not only show the importance of considering ecological effects in bioeconomic models; it in fact enabled prioritising ecological research from a financial point of view.In a first step, the possible influence of the tree species mixture on forest stand resistance, productivity and timber quality was derived from existing studies. In a second step, the available Monte Carlo simulations for Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), simulated under site conditions and risks typical of southern Germany, were extended by the mentioned ecological effects and then evaluated from a financial perspective.The results showed a clear influence of all tested ecological effects on the financial indicators, financial risk and return. While testing each ecological effect separately, an increased resistance against wind, snow and insect attacks had the greatest influence on financial risk and return. It over-proportionally enhanced the financial return while simultaneously the financial risk was reduced. In contrast, a degraded timber quality could eliminate the positive effect of risk compensation in mixed forests almost completely. The least influence on the financial indicators finally showed a changed volume growth in mixed forests.A combination of the separately tested ecological effects (increased resistance, changed volume growth and decreased timber quality), between both tree species, underlined the dominating importance of the stand resistance. The integration of ecological effects, induced by interdependent tree species, in our bioeconomic model resulted in significantly lower financial risk than ignoring these effects. Moreover, the financial return of mixed stand variants with a proportion of Norway spruce greater than 60% even exceeded that of the most profitable pure stand.In conclusion this paper clearly confirmed that ignoring ecological effects in bioeconomic models could lead to seriously biased financial results. While a changed volume growth proved rather to be of minor importance for European beech/Norway spruce stands, tree resistance and timber quality may change the financial results significantly.     

Desert ants adjust their approach to a foraging site according to experience

In the habitat of desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, a constant wind is usually blowing during the daytime. When visiting a familiar food source, the ants steer some distance downwind of the feeder, rather than attempting a direct approach that might miss small food sources, in particular. In the downwind area, the ants pick up the odor plume emanating from the food and follow it upwind to the prey. This strategy saves considerable walking distance and time. The additional path necessitated by the downwind strategy is only about 0.75 to 2 m, depending on nest–feeder distance, while missing the food on the upwind side results in much longer search trajectories. During the initial three to five visits to a feeding site, downwind distance and length of the approach path are shortened notably, and the approach trajectory is straightened. Desert ants further exhibit considerable short-term flexibility in their approach. Experienced individuals are evidently able to decide upon leaving the nest which direction to choose toward the feeder, depending on current wind direction (that fluctuates slightly during the day). Notable changes in wind direction occur primarily overnight. For larger nest–feeder distances, the animals adjust their approach en route to the altered wind direction during their first foraging trip in the morning.     

国内外生态补偿现状及其完善措施

通过回顾发达国家(如美国、欧洲国家)和发展中国家(如中国、拉丁美洲国家)在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现其中存在的一些问题。在此基础上,总结了生态补偿的运行机制,提出完善生态补偿机制的措施,即:界定受偿方和支付方,明确各自的权利与义务;以机会成本为理论依据,将受偿地区生态保护与经济社会发展综合考虑,设定具有差异性的补偿标准,并将补偿分为基本补偿、产业结构调整补偿以及生态效益外溢补偿3个阶段;综合受益程度、支付能力和支付意愿确定支付方的支付标准;建立融资渠道,有效配置资金;建立生态补偿组织管理体系。生态补偿机制应以“造血式”补偿为目标,在研究中需加强生态学与经济学理论与方法的交叉。