Urbanization in China Based on International Comparison: A Discussion with Two Prevalent Views

Abstract>

Two prevalent views are reviewed on China’s urbanization firstly. Then, this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map, using data of 118 countries or areas. The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually. A further exploration examines China’s urbanization process and economic development over time, which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern. The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development. Actually, China’s urbanization gap appeared during 1985–1995, but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing. The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.     

1949年以来河南省城镇化进程及城镇密集区研究

河南省是中部地区城镇化水平较高较快的省份,研究其城镇化格局与过程对提升河南省城镇化的质量具有重要的示范意义与应用价值.在时间进程方面,对建国后河南省的城镇化时间进程进行了阶段划分和原因分析;在空间进程方面,考虑到统计口径和有些年份数据的缺失,采用对比分析方法进行空间分析并通过kernel密度分析方法进行了辅助分析.研究表明,河南省城镇化时间进程存在明显差异,且在1949-2009年间不断扩大;河南省城镇化水平空间分布格局“中间密、外围疏”的基本倾向没有发生根本性变更;河南省城镇化水平发育逐渐趋于稳定的差异化发展;河南省城镇密集区1995年之后逐步形成,2000年后城镇密集区的集聚核心区逐步发育成长.     

岩溶地下河水化学对城镇化进程的时序响应

利用25年地下水观测与遥感解译数据研究地下河对城镇化进程的水化学时序响应,结果表明,随着城镇化的进行,地下河的矿化度逐渐上升;水化学类型时序演变从枯水期单一的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和丰水期HCO_3-Ca·Mg型向HCO_3·ClCa型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型等多类型演化,快速城镇化时期水化学类型多变.受地表降水输入影响,地下河枯水期与丰水期[Mg2+]/[Ca2+]和[HCO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)](摩尔比)变化较大,城镇化前地下河水化学受水岩相互作用、农业活动和酸雨入渗共同影响,两者均值分别为0. 86和29. 34; 2001年城镇化后农业活动和酸雨输入贡献减少,丰水期城镇化输入(居民生活和工业排污)明显增加,两者出现突变特征,分别降低至0. 38与6. 01. 1990～1995、1996～2010和2011～2015年不同时期的主要地球化学敏感阳离子分别为Ca~(2+)及Mg~(2+)、Na~+和NH_4~+,阴离子则分别为HCO_3~-、HCO_3~-及SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-.地下河对城镇化进程的水化学响应具有明显的阶段性和时序性.     

基于土地利用的中国城镇化SD模型与模拟

中国正处在快速推进的城镇化进程中,耕地与林地、牧草地和水域等生态用地将如何变化,以及建设用地是否仍将快速增长?这不仅是国家宏观政策制定者关心的问题,也是广大学者和普通民众面临的具体问题。通过构建基于土地利用的中国城镇化系统动力学（System dynamics,SD）模型,尝试对上述问题作出分析。研究结果表明：（1）本文构建的模型是有效的,具备可靠性和稳定性。（2）若要保持国家耕地保有量不少于18.25亿亩,到2050年需补充83.17万~412.67万hm²耕地资源。（3）到2050年,如果中国城镇化水平达到78%左右,建设用地总量将达到4007.29万~4214.25万hm²,较2020年净增加了155.87万~342.88万hm²。（4）2020—2050年生态用地数量表现为先增加后减少,其中,林地显著增加,牧草地减少,水域略有增加。研究成果可为全国国土空间规划多方案模拟、评估和决策提供科学服务。     

城市化影响杭州城市热环境的数值模拟研究

通过对城市区域的气候要素进行精细化数值模拟,可以研究城市化对城市热环境的重要影响.利用WRF/UCM模式,以杭州为例,通过采用不同的下垫面土地利用分类数据,分析量化历史城市化进程对月尺度城市热环境的影响,并进一步设计了敏感性模拟试验,研究杭州地区在理想化条件下城区面积增加约2倍时,城市热环境的变化情况.模拟结果表明,杭州地区在2010~2017年的城市化进程中,城区面积约增加了1倍,导致8月热岛强度等级高于”无”（Ht>0.5℃）的区域扩大了91%,且主城区的2m平均气温增加了0.4℃,但中心城区热岛强度等级没有明显提升.杭州城区面积在2017年基础上约增加2倍时,8月热岛强度等级高于”无”的区域扩大157%,1846.4km²的中心城区热岛强度等级由”弱”或”无”（Ht≤1.5℃）提升为”中等”（1.5相似文献   

城市化中大沥再生金属行业的“收放”决择

在城市升级大潮下,作为广佛同城化核心区的大沥镇再生金属行业发展处于"收放二难"境地:限制该行业发展势必动摇大沥有色金属产业链、影响村组收入和第三产业发展;相反,若是放任该行业发展,则会造成城市升级困难、土地空间固化,社会环境恶化、行业恶性竞争,最终发展也是陷入死胡同。因此,不能搞一刀切,现实的选择是在兼顾产业转型和城市升级原则下有条件发展、有管制提升、有目的转型。     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 1. Dynamics of Species Composition and Abundance

The long-term population dynamics of rodent communities in park forests of Yekaterinburg was studied. The results showed that deep population depressions occurring in natural communities are not characteristic of the urban communities. In the urban environment, the density of rodents is always maintained at a relatively high level due to the appearance of species that are atypical for the natural communities. This fact deserves attention in view of the increasing risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the region, as a high rodent abundance may provide for the maintenance of a stable TBE focus in the city.     

NATURAL RESTABILIZATION OF STREAM CHANNELS IN URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Stream channels are known to change their form as a result of watershed urbanization, but do they restabilize under subsequent conditions of constant urban land use? Streams in seven developed and developing watersheds (drainage areas 5–35 km²) in the Puget Sound lowlands were evaluated for their channel stability and degree of urbanization, using field and historical data. Protocols for determining channel stability by visual assessment, calculated bed mobility at bankfull flows, and resurveyed cross‐sections were compared and yielded nearly identical results. We found that channel restabilization generally does occur within one or two decades of constant watershed land use, but it is not universal. When (or if) an individual stream will restabilize depends on specific hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and its watershed; observed stability is not well predicted by simply the magnitude of urban development or the rate of ongoing land‐use change. The tendency for channel restabilization suggests that management efforts focused primarily on maintaining stability, particularly in a still‐urbanizing watershed, may not always be necessary. Yet physical stability alone is not a sufficient condition for a biologically healthy stream, and additional rehabilitation measures will almost certainly be required to restore biological conditions in urban systems.     

河西走廊城市化与水资源利用关系的量化研究

基于1985-2003年的统计数据,分析了河西走廊5市以及三大内陆河流域城市化水平与用水总量、用水效益、人均用水水平的定量关系,建立了它们之间关系的数学模型。结果表明,河西走廊城市化水平与用水总量呈对数增长关系,与用水效益呈线性增长关系,与人均用水水平的定量关系则较为复杂。同时,河西走廊短缺的水资源对城市化进程存在明显的约束作用,而且约束强度在水资源最为紧缺的东部地区表现最为明显;中部地区城市化的较快发展是以水资源的巨大消耗为代价的;而西部的疏勒河流域,则是城市化水平和用水效益相对较高的地区,但也是人均用水量相对较高的地区。因此,建立集约的水资源利用体系,缓解水资源对城市化进程的约束,是河西走廊各地区实施城镇化战略和西部大开发战略所面临的共同任务。     

新疆绿洲开发与区域协调发展战略研究

受区域生态环境的影响,新疆绿洲经济发展普遍具有封闭性、局限性和不平衡性特征,经济规模小而内向,生态约束性强,市场化动力不足,制约了城市化、工业化加速发展。基于非连续封闭流域的绿洲经济,提出应采取具有区域特色的发展战略,通过强化开放和流通解决市场问题,采取“相对集中发展战略”,建设大城市、大基地和大通道,克服市场化结构和布局矛盾,发展流域生态经济的战略构想。