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121.
Philip M. Fearnside 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(6):557-567
Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will
be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will
be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to
deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation
project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas
in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame,
virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the
reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any
short-term leakage would be “recovered” eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact
of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves
and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes
are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues. 相似文献
122.
Payment for environmental services (PES) schemes are increasingly being introduced in developed and developing countries for the ecological conservation of forests also. Such payment schemes resemble a new mode of forest governance labelled political modernization, in which centralized and state-based command-and-control policies make room for market dynamics, non-state actors, and decentralization. In entering the new Millennium, China has massively started using payment schemes to conserve its forests. An analysis of the implementation of the Forest Ecological Benefit Compensation Fund Programme in Liaoning Province is used to investigate whether China's PES schemes resemble notions of political modernization. It is concluded that Liaoning Province introduced market dynamics and farmer participation in the implementation of its PES scheme, but in a way different from that theorized by political modernization scholars. Hence, it should rather be seen as a ‘Chinese style’ political modernization process. 相似文献
123.
On the value of temporary carbon: a comment on Kirschbaum 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Philip M. Fearnside 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):207-210
A recent paper by Miko Kirschbaum (Mitigat Adapt Strategies Glob Change 11(5–6):1151–1164, 2006) argues that temporary carbon (C) storage has “virtually no climate-change mitigation value.” However, temporary carbon has
value in delaying global warming that needs to be recognized in carbon accounting methodologies. The conclusions reached are
very sensitive to any value that is attached to time. Basing analysis exclusively on the maximum temperature reached within
a 100-year time frame ignores other important impacts of global warming that also need to be included when mitigation strategies
are assessed. The relative weightings for long-term versus short-term impacts represent policy choices that result in a greater
or a lesser value being attributed to temporary carbon, but that value should not be zero. Global warming is too formidable
an enemy to allow us the luxury of discarding part of our arsenal in fighting against it. Both reducing fossil-fuel combustion
and increasing biosphere carbon stocks are needed. 相似文献
124.
Willy Mulimbi Lanier Nalley Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr. Arya Gaduh 《Natural resources forum》2023,47(1):22-41
Throughout the low-income world, agricultural producers have a motivation to slash-and-burn rainforests as they cannot afford inorganic fertilizers. Farmers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), who are predominantly women, are often forced to walk long distances to cultivate more productive lands, when fertility near their villages is reduced. On their way and while working away from home, women become targets for rape. Adopting conservation agriculture (CA) could help mitigate deforestation and potentially create a safer environment for women. Limited knowledge about the benefits of CA across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has hindered its adoption. Taking these impediments into account, we estimate if consumers in the DRC are willing to pay (WTP) a premium for CA, using maize flour as the medium. By means of a double-bounded dichotomous choice valuation method, 600 consumers in Bukavu, DRC, were surveyed about their willingness-to-pay for CA-produced maize. Our study finds that only those consumers who identify themselves as farmers are WTP a premium. This study indicates that if CA adoption is to spread in the DRC, it will likely need to happen via increased yields or reduced costs before the farm gate and not premiums after the farm gate. 相似文献