反渗透海水淡化预处理技术研究现状

阐述了预处理对于反渗透海水淡化的重要性,介绍了目前反渗透海水淡化预处理的主要技术,特别是新型的膜法预处理技术,提出了今后反渗透海水淡化预处理技术的发展方向。     

海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层寿命预测研究

目的获得海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层的耐热老化寿命。方法通过调整设备的温度及压力,模拟低温多效蒸发器半浸区工作环境,进行为期20个月的浸泡加速试验。以涂层的附着力随老化时间的变化情况、涂层颜色变化情况、涂层浸泡前后微观形貌和阻抗值为评判依据,在老化经验公式的基础上进行外推计算,进行涂层热老化寿命预测。结果该涂料在该区域经过20个月的挂片试验,涂层表面均未出现起泡、锈蚀、开裂、脱落等失效现象;表面色差变化趋势相对稳定;干态附着力为10.9 MPa,经过20个月的测试,附着力为8.95 MPa;0.01 Hz低频阻抗(|Z|0.01 Hz)条件下,其电化学交流阻抗值由浸泡前的1.8×10^8Ω·cm^2下降为浸泡后的7.9×10^6Ω·cm^2。涂层阻抗的数量级虽有所下降,但仍然具有较高的阻抗值,具有较好的保护性能。经过老化经验公式进行外推计算,预测海水淡化装置内舱碳钢防护涂层的热老化寿命为13.33年。结论海水淡化装置内舱防护涂料具有长寿命热老化重防腐作用。     

海岛地区非常规水资源开发利用现状及保障对策研究

中国海岛众多,且多数海岛属于丘陵区,普遍存在水资源紧缺的问题.非常规水资源可以增加水资源供给,将是海岛地区解决水资源危机的重要途径.本文通过分析海岛地区海水淡化,主要介绍了海水淡化应用现状、存在的问题和不足,探讨了雨水利用的方法,包括雨水收集、存在的问题和不足,对污水回用进行了探讨,对非常水资源的开发利用现状及存在的问题,提出了海岛地区开发利用非常规水资源的保障对策,为海岛地区水资源可持续利用提供了参考.     

炉渣为包敷滤料的暗管排水中TDS含量变化特征

实验室模拟"浅密式"暗管排盐工艺,以炉渣为暗管包敷滤料,研究在补水淋溶和重力水下渗作用下,暗管排水中总溶解固体(TDS)含量及土壤含盐量变化特征。试验结果表明,暗管排水中TDS含量呈先快后慢的下降趋势,其累积分布曲线用y=aln(x)+b模型拟合时,具有很高的拟合度;土壤的淋溶脱盐效果与土壤初始含盐量、淋溶次数、排水TDS总量及包敷滤料等因素相关;淋溶次数为5次,采用高炉液态渣为包敷滤料,厚度15 cm,1 200 mm2/m规格的波纹塑料暗管铺设方式,脱盐率可达69%。该研究可为炉渣应用于暗管排盐工程提供技术支持。     

BRACKISH GROUNDWATER DESALINATION: A COMMUNITY'S SOLUTION TO WATER SUPPLY AND AQUIFER PROTECTION1

The City of Cape May, New Jersey, draws its primary water supply from the Cohansey Aquifer, a unit serving residential, community, and industrial users throughout the Coastal Plain. By the year 2000, projected population growth will impose a peak water demand beyond available supplies. In addition, regional over-pumping threatens the Cohansey with saltwater intrusion, placing the city wells at risk by 1998. In the early-to mid 1990s, three broad categories of water-supply alternatives were evaluated by regional, state, and federal agencies — additional pumping from the Cohansey, conjunctive use of the Cohansey with other aquifers, and desalination of brackish groundwater. An approach was adopted in 1996 which derives up to 2 MGD from desalination of brackish groundwater, with the remaining peak demand satisfied by short-term pumpage from existing wells in the Cohansey. The first of two wells has been completed, yielding 1.4 MGD of brackish groundwater. Similar performance from the second well will exceed the design goal. When the initial system comes on line during the summer of 1998, New Jersey will have its first public water supply derived from desalinated groundwater. The use of desalinated groundwater balances competing demands for water resources in the southern Cape Region of New Jersey, allowing continued economic growth while reducing human impacts on a threatened aquifer.     

含吡啶有机废水物化预处理工艺

对含吡啶有机废水进行分类收集,分质处理,确定了蒸发脱盐-微电解-芬顿氧化预处理工艺路线。实验表明,蒸发脱盐阶段,pH值为5时,COD去除率达62.77%;微电解阶段,pH值为4、反应时间为2.5 h时,COD去除率达24.49%;Fenton试剂氧化阶段,pH值为4,30%H2O2投加量为3.5 ml/L,Fe2+与H2O2摩尔比为1∶20,反应时间为2.5 h时,COD去除率达30.41%。经预处理,废水B/C比从0.075上升至0.48,3种特征吡啶的去除率均达到95%以上。     

海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估体系

针对海水淡化预处理工艺特征形成了海水淡化原水预处理工艺（药剂）库,建立了预处理工艺筛选评估指标体系;而后利用多准则决策理论,构建了基于熵权法和逼近理想解排序法（TOPSIS）的海水淡化原水预处理工艺筛选评估模型,并实现程序设计,用以筛选出适合的预处理工艺;最后通过一个实例验证方法可行性,结果证明本体系可以有效辅助海水淡化原水预处理工艺的筛选评估,实现科学决策.     

Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States1

James Androwski, Abraham Springer, Thomas Acker, and Mark Manone, 2011. Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):93‐102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00493.x Abstract: Increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in many regions of the world is leading water resource managers to consider desalination as a potential alternative to traditional freshwater supplies. Desalination technologies are energy intensive and expensive to implement making desalination using renewable energy resources a potentially attractive option. Unfortunately, saline groundwater resources are not well characterized for many regions hindering consideration of such technologies. In this assessment, we estimate the saline groundwater resources of the principal aquifers of the United States using a geographic information system and correlate these resources to wind resources potentially sufficient to supply the energy demand of desalination equipment. We estimate that 3.1 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater, total volume, are contained in 28 of the country’s principal aquifers known to contain saline groundwater. Of this volume, 1.4 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater are co‐located with wind resources sufficient for electrical generation to desalinate groundwater.     

河北省应对水危机加快发展海水淡化的探讨

21世纪水危机严重威胁河北省经济社会发展。海水淡化是解决水危机问题的重要措施,具有良好的综合效益和发展前景。河北省海水淡化条件较好,基础比较雄厚,为此建议尽快编制河北省海水淡化规划,加快建设海水淡化工程,积极发展海水淡化装备制造业,并开展沿海热电厂非采暖季节利用气热淡化海水的实验研究。     

苦咸水反渗透淡化中影响膜面的污染因素

由于苦咸水的化学组成和浓度分布在不同地区有着显著的差异,以及淡化工艺中普遍较高的浓缩因子(concentrate factor,CF)值(在4—10之间),苦咸水反渗透(brackish water reverse osmosis,BWRO)淡化过程中的膜污染现象、类型和程度较海水反渗透(seawater reverse osmosis,SWRO)淡化过程有明显的不同.目前,膜污染已成为BWRO大规模应用于苦咸水淡化领域的瓶颈之一,如何解决这一问题成为该领域的研究热点.本文详细综述了国内外BWRO淡化过程中影响膜面污染因素的应用研究进展,重点介绍了进水来源污染成分及污染倾向、进水水质优劣指标和进水物性对膜面污染的影响;按照分离技术的不同,分类讨论了常规预处理和膜法预处理工艺,指出后者不易受进水水质变化的影响,能够更好地降低膜面污染潜能,并针对目前的研究现状提出了建议.