埋地管道泄漏自适应封堵机器人设计及研究

为解决管道在长期使用中出现的破损、杂质增多及因介质腐蚀和冲蚀产生不规则障碍物等一系列问题,采用模块化设计方法,提出1种驱动性能好、可靠性强的多体分布式自适应管道封堵修复机器人.通过建立机器人越障模型,研究驱动轮和支撑轮运行时的越障方程;在ADAMS软件中建立驱动单元模型,对其运行速度、驱动力、越障高度进行仿真分析;建立...     

焦化场地内外土壤重金属空间分布及驱动因子差异分析

焦化场地作为典型的工业污染场地,其特征污染物重金属严重危害人体健康,研究其场地内外污染物的空间分布及驱动因子,对于后续的采样设计、风险评估、污染防控等工作具有重要指导意义.本研究基于反距离加权法分析某在产焦化厂内部及外部的重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的空间分布,并利用地理探测器分析焦化厂内部及外部的重金属空间分布驱动因子差异.结果表明,该焦化厂内部及周边除As、Ni和Zn外,其余重金属的超背景值率均在50%以上,且内外部重金属变异系数超过30%,空间分布连续性较差.其中内部平均变异程度为：Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni,外部平均变异程度为：Hg > Cu > Cd > As > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni.根据分异及因子探测结果,理化性质因子中对焦化厂内部及外部重金属空间分布贡献最大的均为土壤全氮、有机质和有效中微量元素含量;距离污染源因子中对内部重金属空间分布贡献最大的为粗苯、冷鼓工段,对外部重金属空间分布贡献最大的为焦炉熄焦工段,并且污染源及土壤理化性质的交互因子对内部重金属空间分布的贡献度略高于外部.根据结果可知,决定焦化厂内部及外部的重金属空间分布的理化性质驱动因子较为一致,其主要基于土壤养分元素对重金属有效性的影响.而决定焦化厂内外部重金属分布的污染源存在差异,内部重金属分布主要受到焦化产品精制工艺中排放含重金属废气及废水等的驱动,外部重金属分布主要受到炼焦制气工艺中排放废气沉降的驱动.     

东辽河流域地表水体中Atrazine的环境特征

在野外踏勘调查与室内分析的基础上,以GIS技术为关键数据处理平台,系统剖析了东辽河流域地表水体中莠去津(Atrazine)的含量和富集特征的时空分异;并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,东辽河流域旱田分布区和非旱田分布区内地表水中Atrazine的平均含量分别为9.71μg·L^-1和8.854 μg·L^-1 ,在干流下游形成了分布的高值区;7月份是流域地表水中Atrazine含量最高的时期,最大值可达18.93μg·L^-1.水体中Atrazine的空间分布进一步表明,在东辽河流域旱田施放的Atrazine已经危及到整个流域的地表水水质,将对流域的生态环境产生严重的影响.相对于植物来说,东辽河流域Atrazine在地表水中富集的归一化指数为0.605～1.750 ;从空间分异上看,干流右侧流域形成了连片的高值区,而左侧形成了连片分布的低值区,且在下游形成富集程度的集中高值区.地表水中Atrazine相对于土壤的富集特征的空间分异与相对与植物的富集特征相类似,但其高值区和低值区都是散斑状分布.从土壤类型对水体中Atrazine含量的影响看,低位泥炭土的综合表征指数较高,泥炭沼泽土和水稻土的综合表征指数较小;从景观格局对地表水中Atrazine含量的影响看,随着斑块间相互作用能力的增强,水中Atrazine的综合表征指数逐渐升高.在一定的范     

重点企业清洁生产推进的驱动因素分析

构建了清洁生产驱动力模型,提出重点企业清洁生产推进的定量化分析指标,采用回归方法分析了经济发展水平、污染压力和外部条件对重点企业清洁生产推进的影响.结果表明:以重点企业审核率为指标反映重点企业清洁生产的推进情况更合适和准确.我国重点企业清洁生产在经济发展水平、污染压力和外部条件等方面共同作用下逐步推进,现阶段则更多地依靠经济发展和污染压力外部驱动力推进,这种驱动模式的速度较慢.要快速推进重点企业清洁生产,需加强和激发企业内部条件的推动作用.      

黄河源头生态环境变化的遥感监测及驱动因素

利用1990年、2000年和2004年的TM卫星影像数据研究表明,近10 a来,黄河源头玛多县生态环境状况变化剧烈,主要表现为沼泽、滩涂、河流、湖泊等湿地萎缩干涸,所占比例持续减少,表明水源涵养力减弱.同时,沙地、盐碱地和不宜林草荒地等劣质土地的增加使天然草地破碎化程度加大;而天然草地、林地和宜林草荒地比例持续增加,说明在21世纪初以来的暖湿化气候背景下,黄河源头-玛多县生态环境呈良性发展态势.分析认为气温、降水、蒸发、冻土等自然因素,以及超裁过牧、滥采乱挖和草地鼠害等人类活动是导致黄河源头生态环境变化的共同驱动因素,其中又以气候因子为主导,与冻土环境及水文条件相互影响.     

The Illinois .08 law. An evaluation

Lowering state blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits to 0.08, though controversial, has been supported by most evaluation studies to date. The Illinois .08 BAC law implemented in 1997 provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the effect of the law without the simultaneous passage of an administrative license revocation (ALR) law, which has clouded some previous evaluations of the .08 laws. The proportion of all drinking drivers in fatal crashes was compared before versus after implementing the .08 law using time-series analysis to evaluate 12 years of fatal crash data for Illinois and five bordering states. The results showed that the proportion of drinking drivers in fatal crashes decreased by 14% in Illinois and increased by 3% in bordering states. The proportion of drinking drivers in fatal crashes in Illinois, though increasing since 1995, was sharply reduced after passage of the .08 law in 1997, saving more than 100 lives in 1998 and 1999 than it would have without the .08 law.     

Forfeiture programs in California: why so few?

PROBLEM: It is estimated that at least 75% of suspended or revoked drivers continue to drive illegally. In states like California, there are also a substantial and growing number of people who drive without ever having been licensed. Some states, such as Ohio and California, have enacted vehicle impoundment and forfeiture programs as sanctions to reduce these offenses. Published evaluations indicate that vehicle impoundment laws reduce recidivism and crash rates. However, vehicle forfeiture programs have been less successful, mostly because of low levels of enforcement. METHOD: Police officers and district attorneys from 17 jurisdictions were interviewed by phone or in person to determine current enforcement levels and impediments to more aggressive application of statutory authority. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The survey found that most California jurisdictions are enforcing vehicle impoundments for first-time offenders. However, very few jurisdictions were enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law for repeat offenders. Among the reasons for not enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law was a perception that it was too time-consuming and/or not a priority among prosecutors. However, a number of authorities indicated that the simple vehicle impoundment procedure is often functionally equivalent to forfeiture because many drivers fail to retrieve the vehicle at the end of the impoundment period. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Vehicle impoundment programs are effective mechanisms in deterring illicit driving, and states should be encouraged to initiate vehicle impoundment laws. States could achieve even greater safety benefits if vehicle forfeiture sanctions were extensively used for repeat offenders. However, based on California's experience, the incremental benefits of vehicle forfeiture (over vehicle impoundment) may not be very great.     

Using a driving simulator to identify older drivers at inflated risk of motor vehicle crashes

PROBLEM: To develop appropriate assessment criteria to measure the performance of older drivers using an interactive PC-based driving simulator, and to determine which measures were associated with the occurrence of motor-vehicle crash. METHOD: One hundred and twenty-nine older drivers residing in a metropolitan city volunteered to participate in this retrospective cohort study. Using the driving simulator, appropriate driving tasks were devised to test the older drivers, whose performances were assessed by 10 reliable assessment criteria. Logistic regression analysis was then undertaken to determine those criteria that influence the self-reported crash outcome. RESULTS: As expected, driving skill of older drivers was found to decline with age. Over 60% of the sample participants reported having at least one motor-vehicle crash during the past year. Adjusting for age in a logistic regression analysis, the cognitive abilities associated with the crash occurrence were working memory, decision making under pressure of time, and confidence in driving at high speed. SUMMARY: The findings of this retrospective study indicated those individuals at inflated risk of vehicle crashes could be identified using the PC-based interactive driving simulator. Prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine whether the driving simulator can predict future crash events. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study demonstrated an economical driving simulator approach to screen out problematic or unsafe older drivers before a more detailed but expensive road test is considered.     

山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化动力机制研究——以九华山为例

旅游城镇化是指发展旅游业的地区为了给旅游者提供交通、游览、食宿、娱乐、购物等一系列服务，使生产、提供这些商品和服务的行业与居民大量在此聚集，逐渐形成具有明显职能特色的城镇的过程。分析旅游城镇化现象产生的动力机制是旅游城镇化研究的重要内容。在实地调研的基础上，以九华山为例，分析了山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化现象产生和发展的内外多维动力系统，并结合九华山独特的佛教旅游地特征，有针对性地分析了九华山旅游城镇化发展的特点。     

不同城市化速度地区建设用地演变驱动力比较研究

以深圳和武汉为例,选择与建设用地相关性大的10项社会经济指标,采用简单的逐步回归方法对城市化速度存在较大差异的2个城市建设用地演变驱动力进行了比较分析,对2个城市驱动力的共性和差异给出了合理解释,可增强对城市化过程中建设用地演变机理的动态理解,为抑制建设用地的过快增长提供参考。